Change in Life from Antebellum to the New Deal Essay -- essays researc

Modern America can be considered one of the worlds economic and industrial leaders. This didnt happen instantaneously. It was a long carry out that took centuries to occur from when America was first colonized by England. America started slow and far behind England and other European countries in the technology race exclusively a diverse culture and the work ethic of American people all helped to push this country forward. From antebellum America in the 19th century, to the continuous tense Era in the late 19th century and early 20th century, and finally to the New Deal period in the 20th century, many changes occurred as millions of people lives were affected greatly during this time. Throughout these eras in U.S. history, there was a general improvement in the lives of most Americans from the progression of economic lifespan.During the antebellum period, the unite States was a predominantly pre-industrial society. There were very few factories open at this time. Most of the f actory workers were from rural and village cultures. These jobs usually required no aptitude or knowledge and were quite simple to learn. Working conditions in factories were at its worst with extremely low pay, long workdays, and dangerous conditions.Most workers remained as farmers and artisans. They inclined their lives to their work and were skilled at their jobs. Artisans usually worked closely with agrarians to make different products. Farmers worked the fields, growing crops and raising livestock. Their work would occasionally become easier from new tools made by artisans. Women during this time were housewives. They were doing everything at home. They took care of the children, the house, and the food for the family. Sometimes, life demanded that they work the fields with their husbands. Most women did not have jobs outside the home but a miniature number did work outside in factory jobs.There was a great influx of immigrants at this time. Many of them worked at factories , usually taking the net paying positions available. Their different cultures and work habits often caused many problems because they were not accustomed to the American customs. Most of the immigrants chose to settle in American cities, where most jobs were located. As a result, the cities became extremely crowded. Housing in cities became a major problem from the large number of immigrants. Most ... ...evel administrative positions due to various New Deal agencies and programs. non many reform programs were intended for women. Most of their benefits came indirectly from programs targeted at men. From the three eras of America, antebellum, Progressive, and New Deal, there seems to be a general increase in type of life in the workplace and outside. Although there were also many inhumane things that happened, such as the growth of monopolies which prevented many small businesses to fail, the overall improvement of life is still evident. From the antebellum period, when Americans were having trouble finding jobs and many jobs were taken by immigrants, to the New Deal, when Americans have their rights protected and secured by the government, the quality of life has improved. Especially through the efforts of the Progressives and their reforms and Roosevelt and his New Deal, the American worker has never had more security in their life than ever before. Because of the security of their jobs and wages, the number of people that can live comparatively comfortably have increased since the last 19th century. Therefore, in general, most people did improve their lives during these periods.

A culture of my own :: essays research papers

A Culture of My OwnThe smell of the ocean, palm trees, and the exit of the salsa beats in the distance, characteristics of a beautiful culture. But is that really what My culture is. As a Cuban in America, culture is ofttimes different than that of a island native. My culture, or should I say, the culture that my family has molded into our give birth, is a spectacular one. It may not be the same as it was one-hundred years ago, or even twenty dollar bill years ago for that matter. But one things makes that okay, culture is not written, nor are you born with in. We humans are taught culture. And what Ive learned and discovered on my own is that being Cuban means many things to me it means music and loudness, A visual modality of family memories, and most definitely pride.To begin with, the Cuban culture is one of much loudness and joyous music. Growing up, there was never a day that I did not wake up to the sound of loud salsa music blaring. Or to the loud voices of my mother or grandmother talking. To anyone else this talking would surely be mistaken for an argument or fight. Cuba is where salsa music and the conga drum originated so we work to be very prideful of this. One of the greatest salsa singer/writer was the late Celia Cruz. She was somewhat of a hero to Cuban people seeing as though she had been a Cuban refugee, and became a great success in the U.S. Her recent passing was a devastation, not only to the Cuban society provided to all Latinos and many Americans as well. Which brings me to family. My Mother and Aunts had grown up listening to and admiring Celia Cruz so you can only imagine their reaction to her death. Our entire family was in mourning. effectual kind of silly, but it was as if one of our on had passed. Like many Latin families, mine is huge And what does a huge family mean a lot of parties, weddings, and holidays. Holidays with a Cuban family is a one of a kind experience. There is drinking, music, fun, and of course fights. It i s certainly somewhat of a comforting chaos. This past Christmas, I fatigued alone with my Mother and Step- Father, and it was just not the same.

rolemodel :: essays research papers

Harms1 18,000 Africans illegally held in jails and prison camps According to the United Nations ground Organization for Human Rights, at least 18,000 Africans are now being illegally held in jails and prison camps. The prisoners are held without charge and denied access to lawyers, family and friends for months on end. April 22, 20042 UN camps hold violent offenders Chronology of Malino Accord Violations in Poso - 2003 (28/11/2003) 6965Ever since the Malino Accord in December 2001 in that location have been repeated provocative violations of the agreement. In January and February 2002 there were some promising signs that perhaps the Malino Accord could produce a lasting peace. Thousands of weapons, mainly hand-made, were handed in by both the Muslim and Christian communities and unmake by the police. There were, however, serious concerns from the Christian community due to the absence of the organic or military issue weapons being handed in by the Laskar Jihad. Such weapons had b een regularly seen being carried around the streets of Poso, during attacks on villages and even photographed at Jihad inspection posts on the main highway during November 2001.3 Shooting, bombing ascend tensions in Africas Poso districtA bombing and shooting have heightened tensions in Indonesias religiously-divided Poso district during the Eid al-Fitr Islamic holiday. However, police say no one was hurt. governing say a bomb exploded in a field in the Gebang Rejo residential area of Poso town on Tuesday but no footing was caused. Another device found nearby was defused by a police bomb squad.Meanwhile, a volley of shots was fired in the towns Lawanga district. Poso police chief, Abdi Darma, reportedly tell the attacks were only meant to spread fear among people4 Rape Used to IntimidateRape is widespread and committed with impunity in most Refugee camps by what in America we call the gang syndicate. The culture of impunity contributes to an atmosphere in which rape is permissib le. RI documented 43 rapes among women from the Karen, Karenni, Mon, Tavoyan and Shan ethnic groups. Some 75 percent of women interviewed reported crafty someone who had been raped. The group released a report last year documenting 625 sex attacks on women and girls. The report contains graphic allegations. Testimony from one muliebrity claiming that she witnessed the raping of a woman While she fetched water the womans husband was forced to watch as the Refuge leader (Zu Zawany) raped and killed his wife, before turning their guns on him

Between Logic and Heuristic :: Calculus Mathematics Essays

Between Logic and Heuristic*ABSTRACT This article aims to rebuild a new type of logical calculi-logical heuristic calculus which contains the means of reducing complete search. Such a heuristic component of calculus is reached with the uphold of meta-level means. The principal means for reducing search is structural in stochastic variableation about information about contrary literals of formula. There are two major approaches to perusal the process of think (problem-solving). On one hand, it is necessary to discover and investigate correct modes of reasoning in which the property of truth is preserved. This task which can be formulated as the point what is a correct reasoning (proof)? is considered in Logic. In order to decide this problem, Logic is based upon the concept of logical form. There is a special syntactical method to deal with this conceptthe method of construction of a logical calculus. In this respect, the calculus in question is a black box which guarantees the t rue conclusion under the true premisses. Thus, Logic (logical form) gives the answer for the question about correct reasoning the correct reasoning is a proof. But logical syntax, as a black box calculus, isnt interested in the real process of derivation building, in studying the question about methods of proof-search, in studying and construction a more manageable and efficient machinery of truth preserving. Availability of any method of pure(a) (complete) search, e.g. British museum algorithm, is quite enough for Logic (logical form). On the other hand, the process of problem-solving can be investigated in the light of the following question how is it manageable to build a piece of correct reasoning?. This task is considered in Heuristic. Heuristic investigates general principles and methods of problem-solving. Computer Heuristic (computer heuristic method) is a system of rules (a rule) for internal reducing the complete search, i.e. heuristic methods are opposed to exhaustive search methods. The area of intersection of Logic and Computer Heuristic is proof-seach theory (PST), which investigates realizable methods of problem-solving (how is it possible to build a proof?) in some calculus. PST deals with the heuristic component of proof systems. More precisely, the aim of proof-search theory can be defined as follows discovering, on the basis of a calculus and an entity in the calculus in question of the structure of a possible derivation of this entity, a derivation which is kindle in some respect.(1) Thus, proof-search theory can be included into the logical pragmatic (look at Fig.

Egyptian Jewerly and Makeup :: essays research papers

Egyptian Jewelry and MakeupEveryday in the Egyptian way of life, both men and women would adorn themselves with beautiful jewelry and makeup. Wearing these pieces of jewelry and makeup was part of their everyday life.Everyone, man or woman, Egypt wore more type of jewelry. What kind of jewelry they wore was ordinarily dependent on how wealthy they were. The rich wore fine jewelry made from gold, silver, or electrum inlaid with precious stones. The less wealthy wore jewelry that was made of copper or faience, which is made by heating powdered quartz.Ring and amulets were especially dim to ward off evil spirits and/or injury. Cowrie shells were worn to show the desire of the wearer to have children. They also wore jewelry with the god Heh, which means the god of millions of years, which stand fors long life. Younger Egyptians wore charms that resembled beards or side locks of hair to symbolize youth and innocence. Perhaps the most interesting fact about jewelry was that many child ren wore fish amulets to prevent from downing and accidents in the Nile River.Jewelry was also a reward to people for outstanding services to the community. The jewelry was hanged out by the king. The king would lean out of windows and drops bracelets or collars to the nobles waiting respectfully below.The gold that was apply to make jewelry in Egyptian times was not scarce like it is in present day. Mines between the Nile River and Red Sea coast yielded enceinte quantities of this precious metal. They also imported precious stones from the Sinai Peninsula and even Afghanistan. The Egyptians, however, had no knowledge of the gemstones and jewels we have today, such as diamonds, emeralds, and rubies.The Egyptians were big lovers of all knockout and fashion. They were such lovers of beauty that some of their names were based on the word nefer, which means beautiful. Examples of such were Nefert, Nefertiti, and Nefertari. The goddess associated with adornment was Hathor the Golden, who is seen as the ideal of beauty in love and poetry of the time.both Egyptian men and women wore makeup, such as eye paint. For their eye paint and eye shadow they used a mineral called Kohl. Apart from making their look look brighter, and larger, Kohl was once believed to have the value as a protection against eye disease. Its blackness also controls the suns glare in the desert.

Egyptian Jewerly and Makeup :: essays research papers

Egyptian Jewelry and MakeupEveryday in the Egyptian way of life, both men and women would adorn themselves with beautiful jewelry and makeup. Wearing these pieces of jewelry and makeup was part of their everyday life.Everyone, man or woman, Egypt wore more type of jewelry. What kind of jewelry they wore was usually dependent on how wealthy they were. The rich wore fine jewelry make from gilt, silver, or electrum inlaid with precious stones. The less wealthy wore jewelry that was made of copper or faience, which is made by heating powdered quartz.Ring and amulets were especially worn to ward off evil spirits and/or injury. cowrie shells were worn to show the desire of the wearer to have children. They as well wore jewelry with the god Heh, which means the god of millions of years, which symbolizes long life. Younger Egyptians wore charms that resembled beards or side locks of vibrissa to symbolize youth and innocence. Perhaps the most interesting fact about jewelry was that many children wore fish amulets to prevent from downing and accidents in the Nile River.Jewelry was also a reward to people for outstanding services to the community. The jewelry was hanged out by the king. The king would lean out of windows and drops bracelets or collars to the nobles waiting respectfully below.The gold that was used to make jewelry in Egyptian times was not scarce like it is in present day. Mines between the Nile River and Red Sea margin yielded large quantities of this precious metal. They also imported precious stones from the Sinai Peninsula and even Afghanistan. The Egyptians, however, had no knowledge of the gemstones and jewels we have today, such(prenominal) as diamonds, emeralds, and rubies.The Egyptians were big lovers of all beauty and fashion. They were such lovers of beauty that some of their names were based on the word nefer, which means beautiful. Examples of such were Nefert, Nefertiti, and Nefertari. The goddess associated with adornment was Hathor t he Golden, who is seen as the ideal of beauty in love and song of the time.Both Egyptian men and women wore makeup, such as eye paint. For their eye paint and eye shadow they used a mineral called Kohl. Apart from do their eyes look brighter, and larger, Kohl was once believed to have the value as a protection against eye disease. Its blackness also controls the suns glare in the desert.

How Can the Different Ways of Knowing Help Us to Distinguish Between Something That Is True and Something That Is Believed to Be True

How arsehole the dissimilar slipway of sharp economic aid us to distinguish between something that is accredited and something that is studyd to be on-key? By employ different ways of discerning, we potentiometer distinguish between something that is current and something that is intrustd to be aline. In order to run these distinctions, personal experiences, their implications, and their counterclaims are needed to be stated. For something to be true it must be public, eternal, and unaffiliated. If the uprightness does non follow these guidelines then it quarter non be true. The ways of knowing that something is true is comprehended by unrivaleds own perception, langu eon, reason and emotion. With these ways of knowing than the truth can, in system, be understood. Perception is angiotensin-converting enzyme of the most broad and vague ways of knowing. It is to a great extent for someone and another to have the same perception of an object or event. Take exampl e that Jimmy, a young yet intellectual boy who wears glasses, has expert protruden the biggest bully Bob assault the youngest and smallest kid in school Fred. Their teacher comes over and asks the three boys what happened.According to Bob, Fred fell and received the bruises that way Fred pronounces that he was attacked by Bob and Jimmy states that, due to his glasses fogging up, that Bob had inflicted the pain to himself. This vagueness is why the judicial system takes so much sequence to resolve problems between one party and another. This has implication due our exponent to not ever know the whole truth. The ca hold of not knowing, due to inability to not gather up eitherthing, give-up the ghosts to the effect of problems between us and our kin based solely on our perception of the events that took place.According to the definition of truth is that it must be public, eternal and independent and thus begins the problems of knowing between Jimmy, Bob, and Fred. The fact that t here(predicate) was a fight and Jimmy watch is public and everyone knows thus the first part of truth is compensate. permanent works as well due to that point in time there was an incident between those three boys. Lastly it was independent from all distant sources, however the problem arises with what is true and who believes that their story is true. Bob believes it was not his fault Fred believes that he was attacked by Bob and Jimmy believes that Fred did it all to himself. This causes the problem of who knows the truth. The teacher, being neutral of course, has no real way of knowing who the culprit is based off what the children believe to be true. This has global implications as well for elaborations perceive things otherwise than that of another culture. Take example the United States and lacquer the United States shakes each other hands when greeting someone politely were as in Japan they would bow to each other first.This could cause a massive global conflict if for example the United States offends the Japanese Councilor at the United Nations due to not bowing when greeting. As a counterclaim, someone could say that just using perception as a tool for knowing is simple not copious. similarly perception just is not solely based off the ability of someone to see something but the usage of all five senses. The ability to use the five senses would be the correct way in order to learn the true. There is no real way of knowing something solely off the laying claim of our perception and there is no real truth, rather just a collection of believed truths that we choose to be the truth. Vladimir Lenin stated that a lie told often enough become the truth. We want to believe that we have found the truth and we will not stop look for that truth. Yet how can we communicate this association? hence we need the usage of style and its imprecations in truth. Language plays an important role in our lives.We created this tool to pass on the knowle dge of others, empirical, and thru this we learn. With Vladimir Lenins previous abduce can be applied to language as well. The wupcountrys of wars are the ones that create the history. It happens to every culture and every civilization that every existed with the ability to record their history. This has global implications that can be recognized off the fact that if a war were to be started and ended than the victory most give care would skillful about how morally righteous their country was and how their opposition, the losing country, was.Now as a counter argument to that claim would be that maybe the country was telling the truth but then we are right back to the beginning in where how do we really know what we know? Can that country account for every action that each one of its civilians, and, or army infantry did during the course of the war? Most likely neither county could. Therefore they can not actually know based off their beliefs or their truths. This in conjectu re with perception is adequate but not 100 per cent sufficient in knowing something. We add a third way of knowing reason.Reasoning skills are a hard thing to explain about it terms of how we know something. several(prenominal) things can be taught and thus learned by reasoning putting your hand down on a hot pan thus teaches us to not do it again because it hurts. However when it comes to reasoning skills with moral can be hard to comprehend. One person may see that killing a human is awry(p), were as a military general may see the killing of a human a necessity. Bishop Beilby Porteus states that one murder made a villain millions a hero. Is he telling the truth? Do we glorify war? The implication of reasoning is of the greatest importance because it literally comes down to our inner instincts. In contrast how should we let our animalistic emotions control us or should we have a higher level of knowledge? Can any brute or object ever obtain such a thing? Do we or will we ever know? In my option, I believe not then again what do I know? Emotion is the final piece to the puzzle of knowledge. With the raw passion with what emotion is cannot be simply summed up or described with devises along.How can we describe what an emotion is between people? Take for example the emotion of love. One passionate twin may explain there definition of what love is, however if a restaurant owner was asked the same question he or she may say that their love is their restaurant. Hence this gives us the emotion of sympathy towards dictionary writers. Describing such a raw and passionate feeling is incredible. Globally how can one culture translate the emotion of love from one culture to another? Our love could not possibly be the same as someone in Russia or India.Is emotion something that we are born with, or grow into? We will never know, yet this is the final piece of ways of knowing and thus while using all four pieces of knowledge stills leaves us with the belief that we will never truly know. The difference between truth and believed truth can only be answered thru the ways of knowing. The problem is that there is more than one answer. By assuming that there is a finite answer undermines the whole idea of our ways of knowing. The age old question of the creation of life has been the greatest battle between science and religion.Who is to say that one side is right and one side is wrong when we ourselves do not even know. There is no obtainable truth, only the truth that we believe to be true. Everything we hear is an opinion, not a fact. Everything we see is a perspective, not the truth. -Marcus Aurelius How can the ways of knowing help us distinguish between what is true and what is believed to be true? ? i need examples from real life and how you can tell the difference between truth and the believed truth. Best Answer Chosen by Voters It seems to me that what is true can also be what is believed to be true.Example the adult male is not flat. To answer your question, though, look for scientific consequence. For example, some people believe that the earth is only a few thousand years old. Age date techniques and the fossil record indicate an age of several billion years. 1) Truth is simply the relation of a fact. A fact is something real, whether an object or an occurrence. cypher the following I say to you I ran a marathon, but you didnt see me run it. Thus the FACT the truth is that I did SAY it you know that because you were right there.Whether I actually DID run the marathon or not is another question entirely. Did I lie? Did I exaggerate? You cant be sure. And then you go stand for the records and see that I was registered to run this marathon. You now know that its true that I was registered, but you still dont know if I actually ran. You might also escort witnesses that SAY they saw me running (catching on yet? lol) so you know its true that those witnesses SAID that they saw me, because you watched them physically speak the words, but you didnt SEE them seeing me, so you still cant be sure I ran.You could, by now, BELIEVE that I ran, but you still dont KNOW it to be true. Now a time-stamped video that clearly shows me running, that might be about the only thing that could convince you that I truly did run although that could be doctored It all comes down to the level of shew youre personally willing to trust. Do you trust a scientists data? Do you trust a priests truthfulness? (And dont beat me started on God and faith lol) (And dont get me started on your textbooks, either)The difference between what is true and what is believed to be true in the Arts? This could be in painting, art, or english I have an essay to wrote about How can the ways of knowing (language, perception, reason, emotion) help us distinguish between what is true and what is believed to be true? apply this question with examples in the Arts 1) I see art as a representation of reality or a mimic or mirr or and the representaitons set at different levels, standards or views depending on who is presenting in some(prenominal) form.I see truth as having different levels as well. What we call something is indeed what we call it like a flower is red or whatever. because there are all sorts of cause and effect relatinships that are indirect or direct cause and effect. One thing can be caused by many things acting together to cause it or a sequence of events and it can specify it tough to find the true or the first or most significant root cause (to solve the problem). Mostly, one has to see something to its conclusion to find out what is true vs. what is morose, what is consistant vs. hat is inconsistant. Sometimes what is believed is actually true and sometimes what is believed is actually false. Experience is such a great teacher I guess these ideas can be represented in the arts in various ways in colors, masks, shadows, inconsistancies, demeanor, etc. Some of it left open to inte rpretation just as art imitates life. We all have the need to believe things we think are true and might also turn out to be true. It is what life is about mostly, faith. I dont know if I answered your question or not, but that is what I think so far. ) the difference between what is true and what is believed to be true in the arts is the same as that of what is true and what is believed to be true in any other field. you will apply the value true to that which you can empirically evidence (the type of oil the artist used in a position painting or the economy of words of a certain novel) and you will apply believed to be true to that which may or may not be true (evidenced) depending on the individual involved (the feeling of melancholy the particular painting evokes). guess my feeling is that anything highly susceptible to subjectivity isnt really there to help us to distinguish but will serve greatly to enhance our experience of the thing (the objet dart) itself. Source(s) i dont know a great deal about the philosophy of art nor about the art of philosophy but your question struck me as interesting. Read Karl Popper take on this. He correctly identified the arts from science,and in doing so realised that all our knowledge ,in Both( ), was really Suspect.Hence he became famous for the modern way-of-using and deciphering just how real(or knowledge based) review can enable all the mistakes-within Science and even the Arts-. to .. be. learned. from (and if you study his work,you should quite easy see that serious-and-dangerous mistakes SHOULD NOT BE MADE. So this is to the highest degree the sole point to our -all our-traditions. That we CAN learn from our mistakes(E. g. in the Arts as well as in the sciences), and even gain a glimmer of good,critical knowledge from those previously,dangerous and deadly ones,too. And. after rereading the above i think its a virtual responsibility of the arts, to HELP IN THIS and one obvious modern way is for artists all o ver to look at the current serious and dangerous mistake(s) being made with our environment- and this is just one ONE example that i can think of here(and although works-of-art should,i think be directed to show awarness of this type-of-real-complex problemi do NOT think that the Arts should promote the breaking-of-laws,ecetera.Rather,the Arts should take-our-minds to new places,to new and snap off ideas,especially so when in search-of better solutions to the above problem-and other critical problems,too ). Source(s) The work of the late scholar,teacher and philosopher Sir Karl. R. Popper, et al. are Some Ways Of Knowing More Likely Than Others To happen To Truth? In this essay I will discuss whether some ways of knowing are more like than others to lead to the truth. There is no single definition of the truth where every philosopher agrees with. What we can say is that the truth is ne of the most important elements in our society which extends from honesty, good faith and earnes tness in general to agreement with fact or reality in particular. Instead of just concentrating on the four ways of knowing, language, perception, reason and emotion, I will also look at the areas of knowledge, such as sciences and mathematics to help finding which of the four ways of knowing is the most likely to lead to the truth. To answer the research question, we first have to look at the truth itself. In a dictionary is said that truth is The degree to which a command corresponds with reality and logic .Every human being defines truth in a different way. Truth can be what one is prepared to expect as truth, as well as something which is proved by a study for being true or what for example the media, books, government and yourself name to be true. In the first area of knowledge I will discuss, the sciences, truth will always change during the time. A good example is Isaac Newtons theory of mechanics and universal gravitation. In this time everyone believed his theory describi ng the universe as being true and there was no evidence for it being not the truth.Than after some centuries some scientist discovered things where Newtons theory didnt account for. Therefore his theory was than called untrue and Albert Einsteins evidence which fitted more into these discoveries was named as being true. This is evidence therefore, that science is a process, the truth will always change in time, but in this particular time period the truth cannot be named as untrue because it cannot be disproved by knowledge or technology. On the other hand in mathematics, one has these principles like 1 + 1 = 2 or 2 + 2 = 4.People do not All Of The Other Ways Of Knowing Are Controlled By Language. What Does This Statement Mean And Do You Think It Is A Fair Representation Of The Relationship Between Perception, Emotion, Reason And Language? Language is such a universal phenomenon in human society. Whenever we write or speak, we use it whenever we make a promise or ask a question, we use it. In the statement ? All of the other ways of knowing are controlled by language , language is define as ? words and this ? control can be defined as ? dominate.Then this saying seems not so fair to represent the relationship between the four ways of knowing. It is more sensible to say language gives some support or limit to our reason? Aperception and emotion. It may influence them, but not only one way ? V the four ways of knowing interact with each other. The function of language is particularly relevant in reason. We should believe our application of reason is within our mind before we express it into words. Most natural science is called logic facts and we often use the name of theories to represent our reason instead of explaining the essence in details.For example, if your hand pushes against the edge of a desk, the desk pushes against your hand. Probably we will tell others this phenomenon is because ? Newton? s third law of motion but won? t explain the content of t his theory word by word. In this case, language has no meaning itself, but it is more like a symbol to represent reason. Another example is ? Chaos Theory. decennium years ago, Chaos is just a simple English word, but as Chaos theory become part of modern science, people easily associate the idea of finding the order in random data? when they see the word ? Chaos. However, reason requires precision. Scientists use scientific language to give harsh definition of a theory before they name it. Newton? s third law of motion states ? Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second exerts an equal and opposite force on the first. (Isaac Newton 1687) People must have the sense of reaction before this theory is built, but it needs a medium to become verbalized and communicated in order to evaluate its validity. Best Answer Chosen by VotersThe how of something that is believed true is called justified true belief. (Google it) On the other hand, another way of knowing h ow something is true or not is called the correspondence theory of truth, wherein everything is true or false according to the context in which you are using the word, phrase, or premise. The correspondence theory can be described this way The degree to which our metaphysical worldview is correct is the degree to which we are able to comprehend the world, and act accordingly. Without this firm foundation, all knowledge becomes suspect.Any flaw in our view of reality will make it more difficult to live. http//www. importanceofphilosophy. com/Me http//www. iep. utm. edu/truth/H3 How Can The Different Ways Of Knowing Help Us To Distinguish Between Something That Is True And Something That Is Believed To Be True? 4. How can the different ways of knowing help us to distinguish between something that is true and something that is believed to be true? We create knowledge ourselves, through the four ways of knowing (Dombrowski, 91-92) sense perception, language, reasoning and emotion.These ways of knowing are also the means by which knowledge claims are judged for their credibility, validity and most importantly, their likelihood to be true. When a knowledge claim is made, three scenarios are presented with the least problematic being that the claim is false based on the four ways of knowing coupled with past experiences. A claim is not said to be true just because it is false. The aim of this essay will be to illuminate how certainty, bureau and the convincing nature of claims distinguish between claims believed to be true and claims that are known to be true. True and false, in simplicity, can be viewed as divisors for separating knowledge claims or beliefs but in reality, we view true and false as the extreme boundaries of a scale that determines with reason whether or not claims should be accepted as true or not. In history, where we make value claims, Claims that embed evaluations on a scale that is not calibrated in measured units (Dombrowski, 106), there see ms to be a lot of subjectivity as these claims themselves are subjective. They hold some truth because they are actually made from observational claims.In the story of Nazi Anschluss with Austria, where a plebiscite was held to ask whether Austria wanted to become a part of Nazi Germany and the Nazis claim to have received 99. 73% of the vote (Anschluss), two value claims that could come out will be that the Austrians loved Nazis and wanted to be a part of it or that the Austrians feared Nazi Germany and did not have any other option than to be part of Nazis. These two opinions show the subjective nature of such areas but these statements cannot be taken as false. The fact that there is 1. No comments Join Now For Free

Our Journey to the New World

For Two days Martha rode in the back of the study waggon and cried. She was genius(a) plumping mess. Feeling sorry for herself, and mad at the whole family.Pa stopped the police van, and of all timeybody got aside to eat, Everybody but Martha. She just sat where she was, moping instead of crying, gutter shed run come out of the closet of tears.Martha Madison, are you going to eat something? asked ma.You jazz I cant swal depleted when Im upset, she told Ma.Leave her be, express Pa. My Martha has a mind and a stomach of her own.Ill motor her gingerbread, give tongue to Billy. He was Marthas older br early(a), save one year older.Ma plunked Bob on Marthas lap. Well, if youre not going to eat, how near aiming after your bungle br other(a)?Bob was a cute little rascal, but Martha was busy thinking about her home back in Jackson, Mississippi and her friend Denis. Martha baffled her home and wanted to go back home.Denis and Martha swore to be friends forever, but the creak y old patrol wagon was indueting more miles between them eit flockay.Billy and Bob want travel in the wagon, the same with Pa. Ma wasnt the complaining sort, but Martha just hated traveling.Ma said to many clock times to Martha, Your Pas got itchy feet. Hes a traveling man and hell musical accompani custodyt on moving west till we run out of land.Everybody was excited about going to nonsuch Joseph, Missouri. It was where Pa was bringing them to touch base a wagon conduct headed for Oregon. It took them twain weeks to r severally Saint Joe. When they got to Saint Joe it was Pa and Billy who turn to be disappointed. They were too lately for the wagon train. It had been gone for a week. Theyd have to wait a month for the next one.After their long miserable ride from Jackson things moved pretty refrain. By late afternoon they were set up in two little rooms on Mudd Street. And Pa found a job with the saucy West predominate Company. Martha and Ma had supper ready. They al l crowded around the table and joined tidy sums. Pa said grace and they all said Amen.After supper Ma spread two blankets on the floor for Martha and Billy. Pa and Ma and Bob took the big bed in the other room. And everyone was sound asleep.Pa worked all day at the New West Harness Company. Missing that wagon train may turn out to be a blessing, said Pa. wherefore? said Ma.Itll give me time to bargain for all the things well need for Oregon, answered Pa.First Pa bought extra oxen. whence he traded their old wagon in for a big new one with a pollard top.How does she look? he cried.Looks like a cross between a boat and a wagon, said Ma.Thats why they call these contraptions prairie schooners, said Pa.Were going to sail her all the way to Oregon shouted Billy.Martha had to laugh. The wagon did look like a ship, with its big white canvas top. There miserable rooms in the wagon were crammed with things for the trip. Bags of modify beans, tin buckets of lard and brown sugar, and jars of apple jelly all these things crowded around their beds. When Martha looked up at night, Martha was agaze at slabs of bacon and dried beef looking from the ceiling.Well need enough food to last us through six months, said Ma.Saint Joe was filling up fast. New wagons blowed in, crammed with goods and people. New children and dogs were all over the place. Marthas worries came to her head the day Pa said, Time to pack the wagon. sea captain Jonah, the trail boss, says the train moves tomorrow. Billy and Pa preposterous all the heavy boxes into the wagon.Its going to hard to fit everything in the wagon, she said. provided all of us ought to have our own little space. You can take anything you want, as long as it fits into your box.Martha took out her box out to the porch. It wouldnt hold much. Maybe the box would hold her doll with the china head and her hair ribbons. Leaving Saint Joe was going to be just as bad a leaving Jackson.At breakfast Pa said grace. Dear Lord, give us a good journey and safekeeping. And bring us finally to Oregon if it be thy will.Everyone rolled up in that respect bedding and put it in the wagon. Martha helped Ma hang her pots on big hooks on the outside of the wagon.Pa said, Im going to drive the wagon to the front of the house. Just to weigh how she pulls. They all watched.Billy bounced up beside Pa.Giddup shouted Pa.The oxen strained chthonian the load. The wagon jerked forward.She rides tangible smooth, called Pa. Everybody hop in.Ma climbed up with Bob.The grove outside Saint Joe where the wagon train form looked like a big campground. Children ran yelling and playing around the wagons, dogs joined in, barking and chasing after kids.Pa finally found Captain Jonah. He gave Pa a number for our wagon number 49.Billy asked Pa if he could carve the number on the side of the wagon.You can do more than that, said Pa. Weve got to keep track of the days. Carve a notch for each weekday and a long mark for each Sunday.Martha felt cheated. Pa always gave Billy the important things to do. exactly Pa surprised Martha. Come with me, Martha girl, he said. Ive got a special job for you.Pa lifted up a round tin can from under the wagon seat. so he showed Martha how to put axle grease on the big wagon wheels.Every day it take offs dark I want you to grease each wheel, Martha. Then check all the spokes for cracks. Let me know if you find anything wrong. said Pa.Martha stared at the big wheels. They were as tall as her.Pa said, Its these wheels that will get us to Oregon. Youve got a sharp eye, Martha. Im trusting our wheels to you.Pa managed to get there wagon through all the confusion. Finally they found wagon number 48. They pulled up unspoilt behind it.Toward the front of the suck they could hear a lot of shouting.I cant make it out, said PaAt first Martha couldnt make it out either. Then she got it clear. Theyre shouting, Wagons, ho she cried.The air was ringing with Wagons, ho too. Martha thought it was pr etty exciting, before she knew it she was yelling, Wagons, ho too.The white tops of the wagons in front of us started bobbing up and down.Giddup shouted Pa.Oregon, here we come yelled Billy.Martha crawled over the boxes and sacks to the back of the wagon. She raised the lid of her box, and there she saw her doll. Were on our way, Miss Chocolate, she whispered. So far, so good.The canvas topped wagons were like ovens. Billy and Martha found out they could walk as fast as the train moved. It was cooler to walk, too.The first day they were walking beside the wagon, she met a big girl who was in wagon 48. She was a sight. Wild, curly, carrot colored hair supposition out in all directions around her head. Her calico execute looked about two sizes too large. She wore it hitched up so you could ensure the big brogan shoes on her feet.This big headed girl walked right up to Martha and said, My names Laura Smith. Whats yours?Martha Madison, she told her.Lets be friends, Ill look after you , said Laura.But I dont need anybody to look after me, Martha told her.Rats she said. Everybody needs a friend, and I am the best looker youll ever meet. I do all the looking after for my Pa.What about your Ma? asked Martha.Mas absolutely a year now, she said.And you cook and wash and do everything? asked Martha.Everything, boomed Laura. Promised Ma Id look after Pa.Then Laura said, Stick with me, honey. You wont have a thing to worry about. Lets shake on it.When the shadows started getting long, a message came down the line of wagons. camping site for the night about a mile ahead, yelled the scout.By the time they made the circle with the wagons it was late afternoon. Pa and Billy unhitched the oxen to let them range on grass. Martha helped Ma get a cook fire started. Then Martha got the tin bucket from under the wagon seat and greased the wheels. She felt every spoke till they were smooth as glass.Supper on the prairie that first night was delicious. Cook fires circled the big camp. There was lots of visiting back and forth.Laura came barreling over to there campfire. She didnt give Martha a chance to even introduce her.Im Laura Smith, she said, grabbing first Mas, then Pas hand. When she went to Billy, he stepped back and just nodded his head.Welcome, said Ma. Would you like some coffee?No, Im full phase of the moon as a boardinghouse bedbug, said Lauren, patting her stomach.Everyone laughed. Then Laura settled down with them like a longtime friend. In one of the wagons someone was playing a fiddle. Martha looked up at the sky. About a million sparkling stars were winking at her. It was a perfect night.From the first day, Billy was asking, When are we going to design some buffalo?But he had carved ten notches on the wagon before we spotted any.Id sure like to see one of them beasts up close he cried.I like them right where they are, Martha said.In a way Martha soon got a lot closer to the buffalo. They ran out of firewood and had to burn dried buffalo droppings. They were called chips.The longer they were on the trail, the hotter it got. Everybody was glad to see the sun set. At least it was cooler at night. But when night came, so did thousands of buffalo gnats. The only way to keep from being eaten alive was to sit close to the campfires. The gnats hated smoke more than they liked humans. Martha sneaked over to Lauras wagon , and got dozens of bites.Late one afternoon Laura and Martha were counting the notches Billy had carved.Its hard to believe weve been on the trail almost three weeks, Martha commented.Not for me, said Laura. I feel like Ive already walked three thousand miles and picked up a million buffalo chipsWhile they were laughing, Martha heard a rumbling sound. You hear that? asked Martha.Sounds like thunder, said Laura.From the front of the train two scouts came riding towards them.Swing the wagons in a circle they shouted.Whats wrong? asked Pa.Buffalo stampede shouted the scouts.The rumbling was growing louder.Laur a ran to her wagon.In a hardly a(prenominal) minutes the wagons were in a raged circle. Ma and Martha ducked under the wagon with Bob. Pa and Billy grabbed guns and crawled behind the big wagon wheels.All Martha could see was a big dark mist mobbing towards them.Where are the buffalo? Martha asked.In the dust cloud, said Pa. There must be thousands of them.Captain Jonah rode up. Have your guns ready he shouted. But dont shoot until I give you the order.The buffalo were close. Martha could taste dust in her mouth. Then, in the moving dust cloud, she saw them. They were packed tight, like a solid wall. Their heads were down. Their tails were in the air. The ground shook under their pounding hooves. chair your fire commanded Captain Jonah.Martha was sure the buffalo would crush them any second. She unkindly her eyes.Fire Fire Fire, shouted Captain Jonah.The guns barked and Marthas eyes flew open.Several buffalo in the front of the pack crumpled to the ground. More and more piled up behind them. But one huge wounded beast kept coming. He plowed into a wagon near theres. There was this sickening thud. The wagon rolled over.Martha heard screams and more gunfires. The huge shaggy buffalo was slumped against a schooner. A red stain was spreading in the sand around the dead buffalo. Martha felt sick.But the gunfire was working. The solid line of buffalo split in the middle. They turned away from the pile of dead buffalo and ran past the wagons. Martha could see hundreds of brown shaggy legs flying by their wagon.Weve broken the stampede shouted Captain Jonah.The mad, rushing buffalo swung wide of the wagons. Soon the last of the huge herd passed them by. The dust began to settle. The thundering roar of the stampede faded away.Were safe now, said Pa. Im going over to help the folks under the wagon and shook the dust off.Back at the wagon Pa told us we were going to stay put for the night. Itll give us time to skin some buffalo for supper, he said.Billy went to skin the dead buffalo. Martha started greasing the wagon wheels.The men came back with big buffalo steaks. Ma fixed some for there supper. Martha couldnt eat the tough meat. Martha stared out across the starlit prairie. She felt so lonely. As far as she could see there was nothing just flat prairie reach on and on.Where is your Pa? asked Captain Jonah.Over there, Grasped Martha, pointing in the opposite direction.The Captain rode away, in a hurry. When Pa came back to there wagon, he said we would make camp early.Why? asked Ma.Indians, said Pa. Theyve been tracking us all day.For three days the scouts reported Indians still tracking us.They probably only want to do some trading, Captain Jonah reassured us. The important thing is that no one panics and does something foolish. Ive brought many wagon trains through Indian country and I had never had any real trouble.It was late in the afternoon on the fourth day when Martha saw them. At first they were tiny specks bobbing up and down far out on the plains.Theyre on horseback, said Laura.The scouts rushes up shouting, Circle the wagonsAs soon as the circle was made, Pa grabbed his gun. Then he joined the men lined up behind Captain Jonah.Martha peeked through a slit in the canvas. A long line of Indians on horseback were moving slowly toward them. It was so still and quiet, Martha could hear everyone breathing in the wagon. Suddenly the Indians stopped.Captain Jonah made a sign with his hands.An Indian who must have been the promontory returned Captain Jonahs sign.Then Captain Jonah and the chief rode out and met in the middle.For a few minutes they talked, and made signs with their hands. Then Captain Jonah turned and went back to his men. The chief did the same.Crack A single gunshot rang out from one of there wagons.The pony one of the young Indians was ridding stumbled and crashed to the ground. The rider went down with him.Our scouts raced back toward the wagon train, yelling, Hold your fireThe Indians pulled u p around the wounded pony and the fallen rider. Captain Jonah dashed up to them and jumped off his horse. Martha was sure the Indians would kill him. Why didnt the scouts go to his rescue?Instead the scouts kept yelling, For Gods sake, dont shootIn a few minutes that seemed to last forever, the crowd around the fallen rider parted. The young Indian who had gone down with the pony looked dead.The captain rushed back to the wagons. The Indians made a long line facing them. They just stood there, silent and threatening.Who fired that shot? demanded the captain angrily.Two scouts dragged a man from wagon 42.That was a stupid thing to do, Ned Butcher shouted the captain.Ned stared to protest. But Captain Jonah shouted, I dont maintenance about your excuses. I only care about the safety of the folks on this wagon train. I could hang you for disobeying orders. Or I could just hand you over to the Indians.Neds wife rushed up to Captain Jonah. She stared to pleading with him.Captain Jonah m otioned her away.All they wanted was to trade hides for blankets and sugar. Now the stakes are higher. thank God the boys only stunned. But the pony is dead. Either we supply them with two oxen and sugar and blankets, or we can expect an attack. Those are the termsThe men started shouting all at once.Captain Jonah held up his hand for silence.Theyre going to sit there for a half hour. If we dont have the oxen and other stuff outside the wagon train by then, theyre going to come swooping down on us. Ive told the chief wed meet their demands.Ned Butcher, you have 4 oxen. Unhitch two of them for the Indians, commanded the captain.But only two oxen cant pull my wagon, Ned protested.You can lighten your load by dumping some of it right here.Every wagon must give a pound of sugar and a blanket, said Captain Jonah. And be quick about it Our time is running out.In just a few minutes every person piled up a great mound of blankets and sugar. Captain Jonah and the scouts brought out the two o xen. They staked them by the sugar and blankets. Then everyone pulled back behind the wagons.Keep your guns ready, men. But dont make a move unless I give order shouted Captain Jonah.Suddenly the still, silent line of Indians plodded. They came racing toward them. They were yelling and waving guns and spears, kicking up clouds of dust. Martha expected arrows and bullets to rip through the wagon any second.When the Indians reached the staked oxen, the pile of blankets and sugar, the Indians stopped in a cloud of dust.Suddenly the wagon train started to move out. When Martha looked back, the Indians were dividing up the blankets and sugar. They were chattering and laughing and didnt seem the least bit warlike. That night as they sat around the campfire, they renowned there coming to Oregon.In the morning Captain Jonah crowd togethered the wagon train hard after the Indian scare.This is the hard part of the trip, he said. Weve got a tough river to ford before we cross the mountains.B ut the oxen are worn out, one of the men protested.Get out of the wagons and walk snapped the captain. Then he made it an order. Everybody walks from here on.All of them plodded along beside our wagons in the boiling sun.If you had three wishes, what would you wish for? Laura asked Martha.Ice, ice, and more iceYour wishes wouldnt last a minute in this heat, said Laura.They kept walking in the whole terrible heat.One day they came upon a long line of boxes, trunks, and furniture scattered beside the trail. Lauren and Martha ran over to see what was in the trunks.Keep moving shouted one of the scouts. Just count yourself lucky we dont have to dump all our goods. Take a like over thereMartha gasped. Sun bleached skeletons of oxen lay in the sand.Their teams gave out, explained the scout. They doubled up and went on as best they could. Move along now. Weve got a river to ford up ahead.By the time they reached the river, the scouts were struggling to get ropes strung across. The muddy wa ter looked ready to overflow the riverbanks. The oxen had a hard time making it across. But finally the scouts got two short ropes anchored across the river. Then the captain gave the signal.One driver to a wagon, everybody else, over on the ropes he ordered.Pa drove there big schooner into the river.She floats like a boat he calledThey plunged into the water. Martha could see Laura up ahead on the rope.At first it felt good just to be cool again. Then in the deeper water Martha began to feel the strong pull of the undertow.Billy called behind Martha. Hey, this is funMartha was about to tell him to hold tight, since hed soon be in the undertow. But Billy shouted again. Look, no handsMartha turned, there he was, treading water with both hands off the rope.Billy called Martha. Stop that You know you cant swimHe struck the undertow and went under like a rock.Martha was so frighten, she couldnt even call for help. Billy popped back up right next to her. He was coughing and spitting wate r. Martha grabbed his ramp up. But she was thrashing around so wildly, Martha lost her grip on the rope. They both went whirling toward the center of the river.They shot right past Ma and Bob. Ma screamed. Martha was sure they were lost. But she still held on to Billy, but his head kept on bobbing under.Then she hit something. Something hard that move pain shooting up her fortify. It was Lauras wagon. Martha grabbed it. Then she pulled Billy up close, where she could keep his head above water. He coughed, and spit more muddy water.Grab the wagon She yelled. He clawed at the side of the wagon and found a pot hook to hang on to. Martha was afraid to let him go. But her arm was hurting so, she didnt know how long she could hold on.Suddenly Laura was there with her arms around both Billy and Martha. She had them penned against the wagon.Hang on she cried. You all right, Billy?He spit more water and mumbled, Im fine.You dont look too bad for someone whos just drunk half a river, said Lauren. How about you, Martha?Martha was scare to death, and her arm was hurting something fierce.Laura clung to the wagon with them until they were across the river. Everyone cheered as they staggered up the muddy riverbank to safety. The three of them flopped on the ground and sat there, completely worn out.Oregons on the other side, announced Captain Jonah. Weve got a hard ride up, but an easy ride down. Lets start climbingThey all still had to walk. And when the trail got steeper, they had to help push the heavy wagons. But the coolness in the mountains felt good. The rocky trail was hard on wheels. Every day a wagon would have to pull out of line to fix a broken wheel. Martha still took care of their wheels. Even though her arm was hurt, she wouldnt let Billy take over. She was superstitious about them. When the last one was checked, shed pat it and say, Lucky wheels Youll get us thereWell, the luck played out before they reached the crest of the mountains. The whole family pl us Lauras was pushing there wagon up a steep part of the trail. Crack There left front wheel hit a big rock.Knocked the weight-lift rim completely off cried Pa. Well have to drop out of line and fix it.How long will it take? Martha asked Pa.Maybe half a day, he answered.Captain Jonah rode up.Tough luck, he said. Were less than a day away from the crest. Then its easy going. Tell you what well do. Ill camp an hour early this evening and start out an hour later tomorrow. Thatll give you time to catch up.Pa thanked the captain.Then he rode off and left them to tend the broken wheel.Martha was scared seeing all the wagons go, and being left behind.By the time Pa fixed the wheel, it was dark.Hurry Weve got miles to make up, he said. And he pushed the oxen as fast as he dared.Pray for a bright moon, said Pa. Driving by night is the only way were going to catch up.But low hanging clouds blocked out the moon and the stars. It started to rain. Well have to stop, said Pa. Its foolhardy to g o on.Might as well try to get some sleep, Ma said.Martha then realized it stopped raining. A bright patch of moonlight cut through the back of the wagon.The moons out Its so bright you can see everything Pa Pa Martha called. Wake up The rains stopped. We can get movingPa jumped upBy golly, our lucks changed. Well catch up now he cried. solar day was breaking when we saw the wagon train camp on the crest of the mountains.When we pulled into camp, Lauren ran to meet their wagon.I knew youd make it she shouted. Ive got breakfast ready.As they had breakfast the sun all at once popped out, round and red and beautiful.Captain Jonahs big voice boomed, Look, folks. There it is. Thats Oregon down thereFrom there high perch you could see miles of wild, beautiful valleys stretching before them. For a moment no one said anything.Then Martha let out a yell and turned a cartwheel.Pa put his arm around Ma. Now, this looks like our Journey to the New World.

Liberalism and Mercantilism Essay

International policy-making economic system is an important subdiscipline of international relation. It has three main ideologies, Liberalism, commerce and Marxism. In this essay on that point will be three parts, first part is to demonstrate what the Liberalism and Mercantilism are on the perspective of international political economy and then the flake part is to compare and contrast these two ideologies of political economy. At last, give a conclusion to the Liberalism and Mercantilism.LiberalismThe liberal perspective on political economy is incorporated in the discipline of the Western economics (Gilpin, 1987). It emphasizes the individual interests, the freedom and the maximization of economic benefit. Economic liberalism is based on the theory of invisible hand of offer Smith and founded by David Ricardo in the seventeenth century. In the 1940s, Friedrich August von Hayek made a renaissance and a new explanation to it. Moreover, Milton Friedman made great plowshare to th e economic Liberalism in the 1970s. The basic standpoints of economic Liberalism are that people should be treated as the rational economic animal and grocery store emerges spontaneously to receive human need. When the market running it develops concord to its internal logical rule, rather than peoples will. Even through economic activity can prove national power, the core of it is to bring beneficial to each consumer. Due to each soul are both consumer and producer, so every action of each person should be a rational choice in the market.Because resources are scarce, every decision involves an opportunity cost, a tradeoff among alternative uses of available resource (Samuelson, 1980, p.27). let something at the cost of giving up something else. Hence everyones rational choices contribute to a balance among various powers in the market. The balance of these various powers makes the market have its intrinsic stability. That means the market is not only an automatic operation s ystem, but also an autocorrection equilibrium system.Any intervention, especially from the government, is helpless to market development and destroys the intrinsic stability of market. Therefore, economic Liberalism opposes any form of government intervention strongly. Economic liberals claim that politics makes people separation while economymakes people solidarity. A liberal international economy will have a moderation influence on international politics as it creates bonds of interchangeable interests and a commitment to the status quo. (Gilpin, 1987)MercantilismAccording to Viner (1994), Mercantilism is a theory that evidence uses its economic interests widespreadly to regulate its economic activities. It emphasizes economic activities should serve for the interests of state and goal of state building (Gilpin, 1975). There are three theoretical points of Mercantilism (Magnusson, 1993). Firstly, Mercantilism pays attention to the currency and development of commerce. It regards the amount of currency (mainly funds and silver) as an important symbol to measure the degree of states affluence. Secondly, Mercantilism pays attention to foreign trade and seeks for trade surplus. It has no faith in market mechanism for state building. Thirdly, Mercantilism pays attention to the development of domestic industry, at the same time cultivates and protects the infant industry.According to Sen (1984), Mercantilism believes that industry has spillover effectuate and it associates the possession of industry with economic self-sufficiency and political autonomy. The more or less important, industry is prized because it is basic of military power and central to national security in the raw earthly concern. Actually, Mercantilism can be divided into two parts, benign Mercantilism and evil Mercantilism. The benign Mercantilism considers the safeguarding of national economic interests as the minimum internal to the security and survival of the state.It hopes to develop and protect domestic industry with the state power (like tariff, exchange rate, etc) and to prevent foreign product competition, for example, monetary policy. While malevolent Mercantilism advocates to build a powerful state and to ensure foreign trade unblocked with using of state power and regards the international economy as an orbital cavity for imperialist expansion (Hirschman, 1969). Even through there are differences between these two Mercantilisms, the goal of Mercantilism that makes state rich and powerful is clear and unified. (Magnusson, 1987) liken and contrast of Liberalism and Mercantilism.The debate between Liberalism and Mercantilism has a long history. There arethree main differences between these two ideologies of political economy according to Goddard (2003). Firstly, Liberalism focuses on the market mechanism and believes that the economic role of government is limited. However, Mercantilism pays attention to the role of state and considers politics decide the economic activity. Secondly, Mercantilism regards world economy as a zero-sum game which means one countrys loss is as the prerequisite to an other countrys gain. Moreover, Mercantilism thinks conflict between different countries is inevitable. Each country can only rely on its cause resources to protect itself eventually.However, Liberalism opposes the zero-sum game. It believes the only consequence of the zero-sum game is war. Liberalism stresses the shared benefit and a win-win situation which lead to international cooperation and interedependency. That is, dividing an existing cake is inferior to make a bigger cake (By promoting economy growth). Finally, Mercantilism focuses on the importance of military power and regards political and economic power as a way to ensure the security of state. Liberalism thinks accumulation of military power and other powers reduces the economic efficiency. Peace is more effective than war. The following table coming from Frederic shows the spec ific difference between Liberalism and Mercantilism (1999).ConclusionEven through the most of viewpoints of Liberalism and Mercantilism are different, these two ideologies of political economy have the value of existence respectively and are worth to research. In addition, Liberalism and Mercantilism have their own advantage and disadvantage. When begin to research them, people should have a critique view to accept their viewpoints. In summary, Liberalism and Mercantilism are two important ideologies of political economyReference1. Frederic S. Pearson and Simon Payaslian. International Political Economy Conflict and Cooperation in the Global System. The Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 1999, P.332. Gilpin, Robert. 1975 U.S Power and the Multionational Corporation The Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment. forward-looking York Basic Books3. Gilpin, Robert 1987. The Political Economy of International Relations. Oxford Princeton University Press. Chapters 2 P.33-P.794. Goddard, C. Roe Cronin, Patrick and Dash, Kishore C. (eds.) (2003). International Political Economy State-Market Relations in a Changing Global Order. Boulder, CO Lynne Rienner Publishers (chapters 2-4, 6, 11-13).5. Hirschman Albert.O 1969 Effects of Industrialization on the Market of Industrial Countries In bert F. Hoselitz, cd. The Progress of Underdeveloped Areas. Chicago University of Chicago press. pp. 83-270.6. Magnusson Lars. 1987. Mercantilism and Reform-mercantilism The Rise of Economic Discourse in Sweden During the Eighteenth Century History of Political Economy 19 3.7. Magnusson Lars. 1993. Mercantilism. The Shaping of Economic Language. London Routledge8. Samuelson Paul A. 1980. Economics. With the Assistance in StatisticalUpdating of William Samuelson. in the buff York Mcgraw-Hill.9. Sen, Gautam. 1984 The Military Origins of Industrialization and International Trade Rivalry. New York St. Martins Press10. Viner, Jacob. 1994. Power versus plenty as objectives of foreign policy in the s eventeenth and ordinal centuries, World Politics, No.1 p.11

Youth Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Overview and Proposal for National Education Campaign

The following document represents a comprehensive overview of one of the main societal problems in America today youth contentedness ab utilization. medicate and substance ab engross among teenagers is substantial.Among youth age 12 to 17, about 1.1 million meet the diagnostic criteria for dependence on drugs, and about 1 million ar treated for alcohol dependency.1 Beca hire of this epidemic we need to institute a more effective subject teach campaign along with a national health occupy campaign that will promote education, prevention, early detection, and rehabilitation.Youth substance abuse is a major epidemic currently plaguing the youth and needs to be without delay addressed to protect the future generations of our country. Without an immediate proposal to help eliminate substantial increases in substance abuse, we are setting ourselves up for a penetrative decline in a solid civic plantation and substantial increases in health care costs.The research divides itself i nto six sections covering the social factors that may flatus to increased substance abuse, the meaning and experience of illness as related to the changing focus to a health belief model for substance abuse, health care systems and funding on a national level that are aimed at promoting education and rehabilitation of behavior and mental understanding. health care providers, providing resources to educate families on youth communication and doctors and nurses on effective mental rehabilitation based on the health belief model, revealing a national education campaign that focuses on physical dangers instead of morality and values violations, and finally educating youth on health literacy through the national education campaigns.In coordinate to elaborate on more in-depth discussion of substance abuse, first it is important to define our terms. Substance abuse coffin nail be defined as an nimiety in and dependence on a psychoactive track to effects that are detrimental to the in dividuals physical health or mental health, or the offbeat of others.2In a medical sense, if we are to carve upify substance abuse as an illness, there must be a physiologic dependence on the substance, whereby the somebody develops a of high amount of tolerance leading to withdrawal symptoms once the substance is removed. Mosby (1998) differentiates between abuse and dependence, stating that both are distinct from addiction which involves a compulsion to continue victimisation the substance despite the negative consequences, and may or may not involve chemical dependency. The textbook definition goes on to state that dependence almost always implies abuse, but abuse frequently occurs without dependence, particularly when an individual first begins to abuse a substance. Dependence involves physiological processes term substance abuse reflects a complex interaction between the individual, the abused substance and society.3A definition of substance abuse that is frequently cited i s that in DSM-IV, the fourth var. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) issued by the American Psychiatric Association.4 The DSM-IV defines the term asA. A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one (or more) of the following, occurring within a 12-month period Recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home (e.g., repeated absences or poor work performance related to substance use substance-related absences, suspensions or expulsions from school neglect of children or household) Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous (e.g., driving an automobile or run a machine when impaired by substance use)Recurrent substance-related legal problems (e.g., arrests for substance-related disorderly conduct Continued substance use despite having persistent or continual social or interpersonal problems cau sed or exacerbated by the effects of the substance (e.g., arguments with spouse about consequences of intoxication, physical fights)B. The symptoms have never met the criteria for Substance Dependence for this class of substance.The government began studying substance use among youth in the mid-70s, and have documented a fluctuation in substance abuse since that time. Interestingly, over the former(prenominal) 5-10 years, the level of substance use has remained relatively stable, yet research suggests that the types of drugs being used among youth are changing.While many young people are using alcohol, tobacco, and other illicit drugs, recent data show an actual decline in substance abuse for the first time in nearly a decade. According to the annual PRIDE survey (National Parents Resource Institute for Drug Education) , which is the nations largest independent survey of adolescent drug use and violence, there has been a 12.9% change magnitude in annual illicit drug use among stud ents in grades 6-12 the strongest one year decline in overall drug use since 1990-1991. inebriant use fell by 6.3 percent to the lowest levels in 12 years and cigarette smoking fell by 15.6% to the lowest levels in 8 years.Youth in grades 6 to 8 reported the most significant reductions, whereas the smallest changes in reported substance use were found at the 12th grade level. Among high school seniors, one in four students report using illegal drugs on a monthly basis and over 8% report daily use. Further, more than 24% of 12th graders report drinking alcohol weekly and 23% smoke cigarettes daily.5Another report from a Monitoring the Future Study of 8th, 10th, and 12th graders found similar declines in youth substance use, but also noted increases in the use of MDMA (ecstasy) in each grade along with increases in the use of steroids among 10th graders. 6Social factors that lead to substance abuse Substance abuse in youth, a problem that may lead to later addiction or substance dep endence in adult years, often times originates within a social incubator encompassing many specific characteristics that may lead to increased tendencies towards substance abuse.And while no panacea of understanding is claimed in regard to the exact reasons why young people turn to substance abuse, we can look into studies that correlate certain components to an increase in youth substance abuse. Different social factors that lead to substance abuse affect youth at different stages of their lives. One example is the correlation of aggressive behavior in early childhood to later substance abuse.1 From the National Institute of Health, 2007 2 Mosbys Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary. Edition 5. (1998) 3 (1998). Mosbys Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary. Edition 5.4Writings from the American Psychiatric Association (2006) 5 Major Progress in Reducing Teen Drug Use, Cigarette and Alcohol Use, Gun Carrying, According to 13th Pride Survey. Press Release, September 5, 2000. http//www.pridesurveys.com/6 Johnston, L. D., OMalley, P. M., Bachman, J. G. & Schulenberg, J. E. (December 21, 2006). Teen drug use continues down in 2006, particularly among older teens but use of prescription-type drugs remains high. University of Michigan News and Information Services Ann Arbor, MI. On-line. Available www.monitoringthefuture.org accessed MM/DD/YY.

Erick Ericksons Stages of Development Essay

Erick Erickson was a German psychoanalyst. His interest in identity was developed from his somebodyal experiences he had at school. One of the main elements of his constitute theory, which are known as Eriksons Stages of Development, is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the sense of connection or belonging between a person and a particular social religion, policy-making group, value, sexual orientation, and so on. He believed that our ego identity changed constantly due to new experiences or dissimilar interactions you lose with people daily.To explain his ideas more clearly he organized life into eight items that start from birth to death, According to the theory if you complete each storey you will have a healthy personality and feel a sense of satisfaction with yourself. If you fail to complete each or an individual stage it can result in having an unhealthy personality or a bad self-esteem. Each stage has two outcomes. The first four stages occur in childhood , the next four are at adulthood. Since adulthood includes too many years he divided them into adolescence, middle adulthood, and seniors or maturity.The stages of development are confidence vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. hame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. identity dissemination, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair. The fifth stage of development, identity versus identity diffusion, occurs in adolescence, which includes jejunes from ages 12 to 18. In this stage, adolescents put on who they re all in ally are. They pop to know what their role in gender is, what their role in society is, discover their strengths, weaknesses, and make goals. In order to accomplish this stage adolescents submit to explore different identities and commit to one or try to fit in.I think that it is very obvious when you see a teenager in this stage because one day you might see them with a group of friends that are athle tic and dressed in jerseys, running station and so on, then later you might see them with a group of Goths who dress in black. Deciding whether you will attend college or just go to a vocational school, and simply finding what you want to become in the future, or study is also a part of your identity, even religion and political views are part of finding out who you really are. It is a complicated process and that is why you need to mature to make the correct choices.You need the encouragement and reinforcement of your loved ones to table service you. If you fail to accomplish this stage you have what is called an identity crisis or also known as a diffusion which means you are not committed to an occupation, a religion, or your cultural identity. This is considered to be a normal problem in a teenagers life. There is a solution to this problem because but you explore the different identities and decide which one appeals to your life style and you commit to it, you are ready to travel on to the next stage and be an independent adult.Ericksons fifth stage is influenced from James Marcia identity statuses, which are, identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and identity achieved. Marcias ideas will help you better understand the importance of Ericksons stages of development. Identity diffusion refers to when there is neither an identity crisis nor commitment. Identity achieved is when the person has gone through an exploration of different identities and made a commitment to one.Moratorium is the status in which the teen is currently in a crisis, while exploring a variety of identities and is ready to make choices but not ready to commit to one. Last is foreclosure which is when the adolescent is committed to an identity but they commit to an identity because it has been handed to them. These are not stages but kinda a process to finding an identity. So how does this stage affect you personality? A teen who has answered the question Who am I? , and Wher e will I go later in life, learn fidelity. Fidelity is being loyal to a person, cause, or belief.Devotion is also learned through this stage. Devotion is delineate as love, loyalty, or enthusiasm for a person, activity, or cause. You also become a more social person and do well with social relationships. Those who receive proper encouragement and reinforcement when exploring will move on to the next stage with a wholesome sense of self and a feeling of emancipation and control. Being independent is admitting you did wrong, being able to think for yourself, you also learn how to take care of yourself. We need independence in order to survive.A teen learns to be true to themselves. The other outcome to this is stage, not finding who you are, can make you confused about your role in society, and cause you to have a weak self-esteem. You can also be an insecure individual who feels lost in the world. A person that has identified diffusion may be expound as disorganized, complicated, and somewhat unethical. Finding your identity is a process full of anxiety, but it is very normal for a teen to go through all this trouble. A lot of the choices you make at this point in life are influenced by your peers.This is the time of age when you get the most peer pressure, you begin to rebel against your parents, and begin to explore your role as a men or women. I believe the process might be different for a female compared to a male. So the purpose of finding an identity is to know who you are, what you want in life, and what you want to become, to be an independent individual with a strong sense of self, who knows how to develop social relationships. People will begin to look at you different when you develop an identity, and they can treat you more serious, and more ilk an adult.

Petroleum Engineering: Research Proposal Essay

Petroleum design is technical activities related to the hydrocarbon production each crude oil or gas. The importance of petroleum engineering is swiftly increasing and researchers try to highlight peculiarities and innovations in their writings. Petroleum engineering is important nerve center discipline within the gas and oil industry which concentrates on maximizing economic recovery of hydrocarbons.Therefore, the intended audience will be researchers and scientists who are interested in promoting petroleum engineering which offers certain benefits, and common people who are interested in innovative technologies. As far as petroleum engineering is related to many scientific fields, I am sure that economists, engineers, geologists and drillers will find the material informative and valuable. The current research will be assessed by means of the methods of description, case study and desktop research. The main purpose of the study is to enlarge knowledge of petroleum engineerin g, its importance and benefits.The research will focus on delimit of petroleum engineering, improvements in modeling and materials, application of petroleum engineering, probability analysis and new development of new technologies as, for example, enhanced oil recovery and horizontal drilling. The main goal of the research is to answer the question whether petroleum engineering is really worth of studying and researching. A literature search revealed a number of online articles and books on petroleum engineering and its application in modern world.Over two-thirds of these were prescriptive and written by practitioners, consultants and journalists. There is also a steady bleed of research and ideas on how new developments in petroleum engineering challenge conventional techniques. The most valuable resources are Petroleum Engineering by Wyllie (the rootage offers information of the development of petroleum engineering, its peculiarities and innovations) and Petroleum Production S ystems by Economides, & Hill (the authors offer extensive coverage of well deliverability from oil, gas and two-phase reservoirs).

Directress

Montessori is not simply a method of teaching kidren to read it is a philosophy of liveliness Montessori Method for education is fundamentally based on an educational approach towards a model of human phylogenesis. By human development we mean the development psychology of a human being, that is, the innate quality of any human to learn through their experiences. Montessoris education method called for free activity at heart a prepared environs, meaning an educational environment tailored to basic human characteristics and to the specific characteristics of children at different ages.Since the Montessori Method is so una kindred other educational methods, it follows that the Montessori teacher is in fact not a teacher at all, Dr. Maria Montessori called her a DIRECTRESS. In her years of observations, Dr. Montessori used the phrase DIRETTORESSA taken from the Italian word DIRETTORE which when looking into the meaning of the word is less about telling people what to do barely mo re about focussing people in the right direction. According to Dr. Montessori a directress role is to be an ardent observer with the goal to intervene the least as the child develops. link up article Montessori Practical Life EssayThe directress creates an environment of calm, order and joy in the schoolroom and is there to help and encourage the children in all their efforts, allowing them to develop sanction and inner-discipline. With the younger students at each level, the teacher is more active, demonstrating the use of materials and presenting activities based on an assessment of childs requirements. Knowing how to observe constructively and when and how much, to intervene, is ace of the most important talents a directress acquires. A directress has to be very careful in praising a child.She should respond to a childs avid approach of working at the same time she should praise the child in a way that it gets motivated through her interest rather than quest her merit or ap proval. In short a directress should channelize the childs capabilities in the right direction order to make them a self-understanding, knowledgeable, fissiparous and a developed adult. The role of a directress with respect to teaching the child is an inactive one, the active learning must come from the child and its the handicraft of the directress to bring the childs activeness in learning and exploring new things.They are constantly experimenting, modifying the environment to meet their perception of each childs needs and interests and objectively noting the results. The directress work is to guide the child, be like a second parent to all the children in her class. In most cases Montessori teachers are the starting line motherly figure that a child meets outside their homes. Thats why it is compulsory for the teacher to take on, not only the role of a teacher, but a second mother- like position too. She explains the child, in an understanding and calm manner.She is patient wi th them when they do something wrong. She allows the child to choose his own activity rather than soak up him into something in which he had no interest and also motivating them to keep the material back in place, so that the child respects his environment. If the child is afraid, she handles the child in a calm-composed manner to ease the childs fear. The directress also makes it a point to make all the children comfortable with each other to economise a positive environment in the class and to build a positive attitude in the child and encourage social interaction.She handles disputes, without being bias. She offers prolong when a child lacks confidence. Never help a child with a task at which he feels he great deal succeed. Free the childs potential and you will transform him into the world. The directress acts as an active-link between the child and the prepared environment in a sense that all the materials and apparatus are unplowed in their accurate places in the class. The intellectual ability of a child that is revealed during the tender age of the child should be respected in all its aspects. It is like a flower that has just started to bloom.The Montessori teachers work in preparing the classroom together with her interactions among the children enables her to provide the children the most positive means by which they stomach absorb the environment. The greatest sign of success for a teacher is to exclaim, The children are now working as if I do not exist. Montessori uses the bourne normalization to describe this unique process a child experiences in the classroom. A normalized child is one who has overcome himself and lives in peace and harmony with the environment preferring disciplined tasks to futile idealness. She believed that children are born with innate capacities for self-governance which should develop freely. She also said that the greatest barriers to development of these natural instincts in children are adults. Thus the classro om must provide activities and motives for Normalization to occur. This is due to the fact that Normalization emerges as a result of deep concentration. The materials chosen by the children will emerge the, and study them to self-discovery and awareness. Ultimately, it is the directress role as the dynamic link which allows the process of normalization to occur.One must not forget, however, that it cannot occur immediately. The teacher must also prepare herself for a halt of practice which may take many years. The spiritually prepared teacher will recognize this critical factor, and through her practice as an observer of children, can further observe the spiritual growth within herself. The role of the directress is therefore, to watch with humble reverence, day by day, the spontaneous unfolding of the childrens lives seeking ever so to remove obstacles, both internal and external from their path, whilst she guides with science and sympathy the irrepressible energies of life.The spiritually prepared teacher will do so with a joyous heart. Only then can the most important factor in her role can be established, that is, to see the child for who he in reality is. The reason a Montessori teacher is called a directress is that she directs her children to a path where they want to go rather than simply teaching them the basic rules of living or commute knowledge to them.The children are independent of the directress and explore the world according to their wish. They need the directress only in case they get stuck somewhere or they have line in understanding anything rather than having a teacher who imparts knowledge to the child just because he have to know that. School teachers have a conventional outlook towards their career whereas a directress can survive in this place only if she puts her heart filled with love into her career.

Confidentiality Is an Important Issue

Confidentiality is an important issue because with discover it, professionals would find it difficult to build relationships with their invitees. Trust in a carer/ node relationship is important, as a knob would not want to piece of ground personal information with somebody if they felt it was not confidential and Fulford (2001) agrees that confidentiality is a function of relationships.This could be why new employees in the warmth profession find it difficult to relate to their clients until a relationship has been formed. When a person gives information approximately themselves to other people such as doctors or carers, that person is giving their consent for the professional to share the information addicted. This kind of consent is known as implicit consent.It is when a person gives consent with out realising they have and unless they specifically ask for the information to be strictly confidential, then that information will be shared amongst other professionals within tha t profession (Unit23, p67) This kind of consent is usually present when a client or resident can not make decisions about their information being shared, maybe the client is unconscious or has learning disabilities. The Department of Health (1996) states those professionals in this position must be bank to act in their patients best interests.Another type of consent is known as explicit consent. This is consent given with the patient or client knowing about it. For instance, if a person was filling out a form and it stated that the information provided on the form is shared among other professionals, it would then ask for a signature to allow for this sharing to occur. In todays working environment, it is common place for people, other than professionals, to have memory access to their employees records. Having access to these records can help management to promote a persons professional

Film Report on the Movie Signs Essay

I chose to do my strike report on the movie signs. This movie featured Mel Gibson as whole meal flour Hess, Joaquin Phoenix as Merrill Hess, Rory Culkin as Morgan Hess, and Abigail Breslin as Bo Hess. This movie takes place in Bucks County Pennsylvania which is about 45 miles from Philadelphia. It is about a Rev. whose married woman passes away and he starts to deny his faith until he realizes that sometimes bountiful things arent as bad as this may seem at the current time. The movie starts off with weird things toping, crop circles macrocosm first.The crop circles are first noticed Graham Hess c tot wholeys the local sheriff. They think that it is a prank by the Prichard brothers but they realize that it was too perfect and the stocks were bent over but not broken so it could not have been d hotshot by a machine. Then the dog starts barking ferociously at Bo and ends up dead because it falls on a grill fork that Morgan has in his hand. Bo is always asking for pee because sh e says at that place are monsters keeps sitting glasses of water all over the abide.They realize that something is wrong whenever Graham sees an alien looking creature on top of the barn then when they go out and runaround they cannot have any nonpareil. The next day the news comes on and talks about crop circles popping up all over the world and Morgan says extraterrestrials pWhen they go to t take in and come home they start hearing voices on a baby monitor that Morgan found in the basement. Graham has a talk with his brother when his brother asks do you think this is the end of the world. He answers yes is that the answer you wanted.Graham says People break down into two groups when they pay off something lucky. Group list one sees it as more than luck, more than a coincidence they see it as a sign, evidence that thither is someone up there watching out for them. Group number two sees it as pure luck, happy, chance deep down they feel they are on their own and that fills the m with fear Group number one deep down they feel that whatever is going to happen there will be someone there to help them and that fills them with hope.So what you have to ask yourself is what flesh of person are you, the kind of see signs and sees miracles were just believe state get lucky Is it come-at-able that there are no coincidences? (Gibson) Morgan got a book about Aliens when they went in town. The book depicts a house that looks exactly like his. The book says that the aliens are either coming to harvest resources or to invade and that one of two things will happen if its the latter, they will be defeated and return many age later or they will win. According to the book, crop circles are landmarks used for navigation.A cut moving-picture show depicts how Grahams wife died and why he lost his faith. Ray Reddy, the man that fell asleep(predicate) at the wheel and ultimately killed his wife apologizes and says why at that indorsement did that happen, why not in the be ginning or after he passed her? He says he dont remember the exact moment that it happened. Her last teaching to her husband was tell Merrill to swing away. At this dismantle it makes no sense to anyone. formerly they come to realize that an invasion is imminent, they start boarding the house up to keep the aliens out. This is after they limit to stay put and not go to the lake.They so fartually head to the basement where they think they are in force(p) until they realize that there is an venerable coal chute that accesses the basement from the outside. Before they can find where the old coal chute comes in at, an alien reaches from behind and grabs Morgan by the boldness causing him to have an asthma attack. His inhaler is up the stairs where they cannot get to it. His dad keeps him calm and stable. After they think the coast is clear, Graham carries Morgan upstairs and lays him down so he can get his medicine. To their surprise when they come back into the room, Morgan is being carried by an alien.Graham says to Merrill, swing away, swing away. The statement by his wife finally makes sense to him. As Merrill grabs the baseball bat off the wall mount, the alien gives a puff of green gas into Morgans face out of something on its wrist. As Merrill smacks it with the bat it falls into a stand and a glass of water spills onto its shoulder and melts the skin off of it. They then realize this is why Bo has been sitting glasses of water all over the house. As Graham picks Morgan up, he says his lungs where closed, the poisonous gas did not enter his lungs.This is when he realizes that there was a reason that his son was born with asthma. The end of the movie shows him getting dressed as a Reverend, so I assume he was returning to Church as a Reverend. The characters in this image are Episcopalians. The father a Reverend and his brother and kids are devout followers. They cherish the value of family and being together. Graham questioned his faith and even q uit practicing due to the death of his wife. It made him question if there is a god, why would he do this to him, a reverend.He got so angry at god that he denied him and blamed the death of his wife on him only to eventually realize that god has his reasons for doing the things that he does even if it is not popular with the people that it affects at the current time. Nothing is left to chance. He lost his wife in one sense, but god saved his son after praying, so this brought him back to his faith. The statement about there being two groups of people in the world has a lot of appreciation in the real world. If you believe in a higher power, then you will, or at least(prenominal) should always have hope.It is a great thing knowing that you always have someone there to talk to, even in the darkest hour, no matter what. I think another major point to the movie is that not everything is gods fault and that he has reasons behind the things that he does. Sometimes people get lost from their faith, that is a normal occurrence, but hopefully you find your way back one way or another. I think that the movie gets its point of faith across pretty healthful in this movie, it shows both sides, losing your faith and reconnecting with it. It displays a reason why one might lose their faith.

Fertilizers: Potassium and Compounds

Creating a liquid fertilizer Experiment Chemis accentuate 1065 10/09/2012 origin The aim of this experiment was to create a liquid fertilizer containing Nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus each constituent had to slang 8% mass contribution. We were also call for to add an spare element, magnesium and it mass voice had to be 1. 5%. At the end of the experiment, the pH of our aqueous resultant had to be between 6. 0 and 7. 0.As a group we predicted that we could not successfully create the liquid fertilizer with the manifolds we were provided with, because some of the compounds would create a precipitate if mix. As a result we decided that it would be take further experimentation of trying different combination of these compounds on small scale to help us successfully create the required fertilizer. This experiment is important because it is necessary to make a plant fertilizer that is environment friendly and that provides various plants with the nutrients they need to gr ow.This experiment was interesting because gave us the chance to see get in the perspective of the scientists who eternally keep working towards making the best possible fertilizers for plants. Recent attempts by scientists of making the ideal fertilizer have failed because either the fertilizer is not environment friendly or it increases the birth-rate of agricultural pests. In this lab, we created some(prenominal) compound combinations to try and match the compounds in the required fertilizer.Some of our combinations worked, but some failed. We made adjustments to the original reading provided to us in order to meet the standards of the required liquid fertilizer, and as a group we move our best to indicate such adjustments throughout our lab reports so that the reader can be more(prenominal) in make about the experiment we did. . Experimental Because our prediction was that some of the provided compounds would not for an aqueous radical, we decided to try out some combinati ons on small scale to see how they reacted.The compounds we demand for these combinations were jet carbonate, trisodium phosphate, potassium nitrate, ammonium carbonate, sodium phosphate, and sodium nitrate. We also needed some water to dissolve these compounds in. In order to carry through a solubility test on the provided compounds we obtained a head plate, a spatula to add the solid compounds into the well plate, a beaker full of distilled water, a pipette to add water into the well plates containing two different compounds, and a stir rod to stir the sort.First development a spatula we took a small measurement of K2CO3 and put in one of the wells on the well plate. Then we took a small sample of Na3PO4 and put it in the same well. development a pipette we took 3ml of distilled water from the beaker and added it into the well containing K2CO3 and Na3PO4. The using a stirring rod, we always stirred the solution for 1 minute and we observed. Then we took small samples of K2Co3 and NH4Co3 and put them in a arcminute well on the well plate. Then we added 3ml of water using a pipette. Using a stirring rod, we intricate the solution continuously for about a minute.Next we took small samples of NaNO3 and NaPO3 and put them in a terce well on the well plate. We added some water using a pipette and stirred up the solution. Then we took samples of NaPO3 and KNO3 and put them in a fourth well in the well plate. We added 3 ml of water, stirred the solution and observed. Next we took samples of Na2PO3, K2CO3 and NaNO3 and put them in a fifth well. We added 3ml of water, constantly stirred the solution and observed. We whence took samples of Na2PO3, K2CO3 and NaNO3 and put them in a sixth well plate.Then we added 3ml of water and constantly stirred the solution for a minute and observed. Through eliminating solutions that formed a precipitate we chose the solution containing, Na2PO3, K2CO3 and NaNO3 as the solution that could potentially be our liquid ferti lizer because it contained nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ions. Because we needed nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to each have an 8% mass percent in relation to the total solution, we calculated how much of each compound we needed so that the three required elements could have 8% mass percentage each in 10g of H2O.We calculate the amount of each compound needed by first figuring it in groynees and then we converted it to grams. We replaced Na2PO3 with Na3PO4 because Na2PO3 was unavailable. After calculating how much of each compound we needed to make our fertilizer, we decided that we needed a beaker, a scale, weighing paper, pH probe, graduated cylinder, stirring rod, Magnesium and H2SO4 to neutralize our solution at the end. We started by weighing out 4. 23481g of Na3PO4, 0. 707g of K2CO3, and 5. 8221g NaNO3. Then we poured the weighed compounds into a beaker.We then measuringd 10ml of distilled water using a graduated cylinder. We then poured the 10ml water into the bea ker containing our three compounds. Using a stirring rod we stirred the mixture for about three minutes. The compounds did not dissolve in water because the ratio of the compounds to the water could not entrust the compounds to completely dissolve in the water. With instructions from our T. A we decided to divide the amount of all the compounds by 10. The new amounts of the compounds were 0. 423481g of Na3PO4, 0. 0707g of K2CO3, and 0. 58221g NaNO3. We then weighed out these new amounts of compounds.We poured them into a new beaker and added 10 ml water. Using a stirring rod, we continuously stirred the solution until the compounds were completely fade away. Next we got a pH probe to measure the pH of our solution. The pH of our solution needed to be between 6. 0 and 7. 0. We connected the loggerpro software to a laptop and we the pH collected was 12. 43. Since our fertilizer solution was a base we decided to neutralize it using an acid. The acid we chose to use was H2SO4. Using a pipette we added drops of H2SO4 to our fertilizer solution as we monitored the pH of our solution.It took 2. 4ml of H2SO4 to have the pH of our liquid fertilizer to 6. 75. To make our liquid fertilizer complete we were required to add an additional element, magnesium such that it had a 5% mass percentage. We chose to use the compound magnesium nitrate because it contains a magnesium ion. We calculated that in order for magnesium to have a 5% mass percentage in the solution we needed 3. 05g of Mg (NO3)2. But because we had divided the other compounds in the solution by ten earlier, we had to divide the amount of Mg (NO3)2 paste to keep the same ratio.So after dividing the amount of magnesium needed by 10 we resulted with 0. 305g of Mg. We then weighed 0. 305g of Mg (NO3)2 on a scale and the poured it into the beaker containing our aqueous solution. Using a stirring rod we stirred up the solution until the Mg (NO3)2 was completely dissolved. We then absolute the experiment by measu ring the final pH of our solution which was 6. 7. Results Data 1 Compounds added to 10ml of water Observations KNO3 & NaPO3 When we mixed these two compounds in water, they formed a cloudy solution which turned clear after a while.There was some compound left at the bottom of the beaker and this was due to experimental error. K2CO3 & NH4CO3 When we mixed these two compounds, they formed a cloudy mixture. One of the compounds looked suspended which meant it did not dissolve. NaNO3 & K2CO3 When we mixed these two compounds, they both dissolved in the water although there was some compound particles left at the bottom of the beaker which was due to experimental error. NaNO3 & NaPO3 When we mixed these two compounds, they formed a precipitate. NaPO3 & KNO3 When we mixed these two compounds, they did not dissolve in water, they formed a precipitate Na2PO3, K2CO3 & NaNO3 When we mixed these three compounds in water, the completely dissolved Data 2 Substance added to 10 ml of water Obse rvation 4. 234g Na3PO4, 0. 707g K2CO3, and 5. 8221g NaNO3 Did not dissolve in water. The amount ratio of compounds was too massive to dissolve. 0. 423481g Na3PO4, 0. 0707g K2CO3, and 0. 58221g NaNO3 Completely dissolved in water and the pH of the resulting solution was 12. 3 1 ml H2SO4 pH of solution dropped to 11. 14 2ml H2SO4 pH of solution dropped to 7. 45 2. 4ml H2SO4 pH dropped to 6. 7 0. 03052 g Mg(NO3)2 Completely dissolved in water and the pH stayed at 6. 7 Calculations Amount of compounds needed. Note We divided the final amount of the compound needed by 10 so that it would dissolve in water. What we need 10g ? 8%= 0. 8 g N, 0. 8g P, 0. 8g K Element Calculations Amount of compound so that element has 8% mass percentage Amount of compound so that element has 0. 8% mass percentage Nitrogen 0. g N3- ? (1 mol N2 / 14. 01g/mol N2)= 0. 057mol N20. 57mol N3- ? (101. 96 g/mol NaNO3) 5. 8221g NaNo3 0. 5221g NaNo3 Potassium 0. 4g K2+ ? (1 mol K2+ / 78. 2g/mol K)= 0. 005115 mol K2 +0. 005115 mol K2+ ? (138. 21 g/mol K2CO3) . 707 g K2CO3 0. 0707g K2CO3 Phosphorus 0. 8g P3- ? (1 mol P3-/30. 97g/mol P)= 0. 02583mol P3-0. 02583mol P3- ? (163. 94g/mol Na3PO4) 4. 23481g Na3Po4 0. 0423481g Na3Po4 Note We used 0. 4g of Potassium because there are 2 potassium ions in K2CO3