Qualitative & Quantitative Essay

Qualitative investigate focuses on gathering of mainly verbal data rather than measurements. self-possessed information is then analyzed in an interpretative manner, subjective, impressionistic or even diagnostic.Heres a more detailed point-by-point equivalence between the two showcases of explore1. Goal or Aim of the questionThe uncreated aim of a Qualitative query is to provide a complete, detailed description of the research radical. It is usually more exploratory in nature. quantitative look for on the other hand focuses more in counting and classifying features and constructing statistical models and figures to explain what is observed. film also Aims of ResearchQualitativeQuantitativeHypothesisBroadNarrowDescriptionWhole pictureFoc apply showcase of ResearchExploratoryConclusive2. UsageQualitative Research is ideal for earlier phases of research projects fourth dimension for the latter part of the research project, Quantitative Research is highly recommended. Quant itative Research provides the researcher a cle ber picture of what to expect in his research compared to Qualitative Research.QualitativeQuantitativePhaseEarlyLate3. Data Gathering InstrumentThe researcher serves as the primary data gathering instrument in Qualitative Research. Here, the researcher employs assorted data-gathering strategies, depending upon the thrust or approach of his research. Examples of data-gathering strategies used in Qualitative Research are individual in-depth interviews, structured and non-structured interviews, focus groups, narratives, content or documentary analysis, participant observation and archival research.On the other hand, Quantitative Research bewilders use of tools such as questionnaires, surveys, measurements and other equipment to collect numerical or measurable data.4. Type of DataThe presentation of data in a Qualitative Research is in the form of words (from interviews) and images (videos) or objects (such as artifacts). If you are condu cting a Qualitative Research what will most in all likelihood appear in your discussion are figures in the form of graphs. However, if you are conducting a Quantitative Research, what will most likely appear in your discussion are tables containing data in the form of numbers and statistics.5. climaxQualitative Research is primarily subjective in approach as it seeks to understand human behavior and reasons that govern such behavior. Researchers have the list to become subjectively immersed in the subject matter in this type of research method.In Quantitative Research, researchers tend to remain objectively unconnected from the subject matter. This is because Quantitative Research is objective in approach in the sense that it only seeks precise measurements and analysis of target concepts to answer his inquiry.Read also Qualitative research, Quantitative researchDetermining Which Method Should Be UsedDebates have been ongoing, tackling which method is better than the other. The reason why this remains unresolved until now is that, each has its own strengths and weaknesses which actually vary depending upon the topic the researcher wants to discuss. This then leads us to the question Which method should be used?If your study aims to find out the answer to an inquiry through numerical evidence, then you should make use of the Quantitative Research. However, if in your study you regard to explain further why this particular event happened, or why this particular phenomenon is the case, then you should make use of Qualitative Research.Some studies make use of twain Quantitative and Qualitative Research, letting the two co-occurrence each other. If your study aims to find out, for example, what the dominant human behavior is towards a particular object or event and at the same time aims to examine why this is the case, it is then ideal to make use of both methods.

Contemporary strategy analysis Essay

2001-2011 was filled with many black swan events (i. e. events that ar extremely rargon, have a study impact and are unpredicted even if they are rationalised retrospectively) e. g. Sep 11 attack, Lehman Br separate collapse, Greece/Iceland bailouts, Arab Spring revolutions, major earthquakes and tsunamis) Rise of BRIC countries creating a multipolar world 2. Sluggish Economic Growth + deepen magnitude Competition Economic growth in advanced economies sluggish passim the medium term governments and ho ingestionhold sectors are over-leveragedinsufficient productive investment funds from companies sitting on cash excess capacity in some sectors - resulting in square price ambition Internationalisation of companies from emerging-market countries e. g. contract manufacturers (OEM) in China and India competing with their customers in final markets. 3. Technology Disruption Digital engine room disrupting incumbents (e. g. Netflix replacing Blockbuster) and redrawing constancy ba rriers (e. g. Apple, Nokia, Nintendo, Blackberry now competing in same energetic device market) 4. Social Pressure and Crisis of CapitalismLoss of social genuineness of companies as a result of a fall-out from the 2008/9 financial crisis refuse for companies (hypocrisy + greed of bankers, traders, etc) and their leaders (e. g. Occupy Wall Street locomotement) Rise of election forms of line of credit enterprise as better, much nutrify competent models over especial(a) liability companies e. g. state-owned fasts (China, Brazil) and cooperatives (i. e. businesses mutually owned by consumers or employees). Challenge go about by companies of whether to unilaterally create/stick to its own values (which may become out of step) or reflect the current values and attitudes of night club it operates in spite of appearance.Item 2 New Directions in Strategic Thinking 1. Re-orientate collective Objectives of Companies Reconcile the need for profit maximisation with a broader soc ietal bureau (i. e. companies having greater social and surroundingsal responsibilities) Move away from centering on stock market valuation alone Management should non focus on profits but what strategic factors that drive profits or create value e. g. customer satisfaction, variety Best antidote to merged empire building and CEO hubris is a stronger emphasis on grassroots principles of strategy analysis. 2. Seeking More Complex Sources of combative AdvantageCompetitive advantages in directlys dynamic world is difficult to sustain due to high rate of technology diffusion + increased competition from emerging market companies who are more cost-effective Developing septuple layers of competitive advantage is now hired (e. g. as shown from companies that maintained favorableness and market share for years (e. g. Toyota, Wal-Mart), combined with the ability to combine multiple capabilities. 3. Managing Options The portfolio of options of a company e. g. growth options, aban donment options, and flexibleness options are more and more important as sources of value.Therefore option thinking should be adopted into a firms strategy e. g. industry attractiveness should not depend on profit potential, but option potential (e. g. an industry that produces a no of different products, comprises multiple segments, has many strategic groups, utilises a wide variety of alternative technologies) e. g. a resource is attractive if it fuck be deployed in different businesses and support alternative strategies (e. g. nanotechnology). Dynamic capabilities are important because they generate new options. 4. Understanding Strategic Fit brilliance of fitting the strategy of the firm with the firms business environment and its resources and capabilities. 2 major concepts regarding linkages within companies complementarity and complexity Complementarity the importance of linkages among a firms focal point practices and finding the optimal configuration (e. g. a six-sigma prime(a) program needs to be accompanied by changes in incentives, recruitment policies, product strategy, etc) Complexity the idea that companies are complex systems whose behaviour results from interaction of a large number of independent agents.This results in unpredictability, self- institution by a company and a company positioning between inertia, chaos, and evolutionary adaptation Common to both concepts is the contextuality of linkages Do the benefits from any particular exertion depend on which other activities take place? 2 dimensions of this contextuality contextuality of activities (are management activities and their benefits dependent or independent of each other? ) contextuality of interactions (do activities interact in similar ways across firms) Item 3 Redesigning organisationsThe challenge of todays business environment is reconciling multiple dilemmas (e. g. product at low cost, but also innovate), requiring multi-dexterity. Companies are now multi-dimensional structures with organisational capabilities for each business area e. g. quality management processes, social and environmental responsibility, association management, innovation and exploration, etc. 1. Solution to Complexity Making cheeks Informal, Self-Organising and Permeable Informal Organisation Rely upon informal or else than formal structures and systems e.g. team-based structures which rely on coordination rather than control. Companies are moving towards project based organisations temporary cross-functional teams charged with illume objectives (as opposed to permanent functions and continuous operations). Such teams are more able to achieve innovation, adaptability and rapid learning than more traditional structures and avoids issues of over-concentration of power and rigid, refractory structures (e. g. W. L. Gore, supplier of Gore-Tex boots).This is an example of a consensus-based hierarchy, which emphasises horizontal communication, over an authority-based hiera rchy, which emphasises vertical communication. self-organization Humans (and thitherfore, companies) have a capacity for self-organisation. Three factors are semiconducting for self-organisation identity, information and relationships. Identity is a shared cognition of what the organisation is (what is core, distinctive, and enduring about the character of the company) and an emotional attachment towards what it represents.A strong consensus of identity provides a powerful basis for coordinated action that permits flexibility and responsibility to be reconciled with continuity and stability. Information and communication networks within companies support spontaneous patterns of complex coordination with little or no ranked direction Relationships, or informal social networks, allow information to be created and transformed and allows the organisations identity to expand and include more stakeholders. The more access people have to one another, the more possibilities there are. 2. Breaking Down Corporate BoundariesThere are limits to the range of capabilities that companies kindle develop internally. Therefore, companies must collaborate in order to access the capabilities of other companies e. g. strategic alliances. Todays web-based technologies permit much wider networks of collaboration (e. g. use of ICT technologies by P&G and IBM to draw upon ideas and expertise across the earthly concern or the rise of open-source communities that build highly complex products such(prenominal) as Linux). Item 4 Changing Role of Managers The changing conditions and types of organisations require new approaches to management and leadership.Previous era of restructuring and shareholder focus associated with change masters (highly visible, individualistic and often hard-driving management styles e. g. Michael Eisner of Disney, Rupert Murdoch) Buck-stop here peak decision-making utilization of CEOs may no longer be feasible or wanted for the current era. Instead, it is the role of guiding organisational evolution that is more important now (being a social architect by creating an environment where every employee has the mishap to collaborate, innovate and excel).CEOs should be less pertain about decision-making and more concerned about cultivating identity and purpose. Senior managers also require different knowledge and skills nowadays e. g. self-awareness, self -management, social awareness (empathy) and social skills i. e. emotional intelligence. They should move away from being administrators and controllers and become entrepreneurs, coaches and team leaders instead. In particular, rapid evolution requires a combination of both incremental improvement and elating radical change (e.g. Sam Palmisano at IBM) Establishing simple rules the idea that companies toilette be managed by a few simple rules (boundary rules and how-to rules) with limited managerial direction otherwise (e. g. Cisco) Managing adaptive tension Create a train of tensi on that optimises the pace of organisational change and innovation. This is done through imposing demanding achievement targets, but ensuring targets are appropriate and achievable.

Quality caring in nursing: applying theory to clinical practice, education, and leadership Essay

Leadership stylesIntroduction Dr. Martin Luther world power, jr. was one of the utmost and futurist attractions that the world has ever experienced. His patsy is consummate and the w octad of his endeavors will be realized by numerous generations. There be numerous traits that molded Martin Luther tabby to the universal rights oral sex during his days. This real leadership proficiency can be duplicated in nurse practice that would mould us into professionals, partner, person and friend all around. Martin Luther mogul possessed a lot of traits that explain why he was very vibrant and prominent as a civil rights leader. The purpose of this writing is to demonstrate how Martin Luther faggot leadership skills can be applied in nursing and health care. Myers Briggs model of personality is very stiff since it greatly helped me to unwrap my personal traits. I also came to learn that I function some characters with other mountain. I completed the MMDI personality test, to identify these traits which helped me to identify some of the similarities and differences. I believe this will help me to find a pleasant career, expand my self-awareness, become an influential leader or emend affiliation skills in nursing and health practices. However, there are eight Myers Briggs personality types. To become a fulfilled and effective leader I have to maintain an excellent balance between my contextual command and my preferences. Leadership profile is a alone(predicate) combination of preferences for the eight styles. I prefer to use a balance of all the styles. In addition, cosmos a good leader depends on the culture and context. I am a participative leader since I love to engage mess in the directive taken and its achievement. I love valuing other people to tally the objective through cooperative teamwork (Duffy, 2009). I am also a change-oriented leader. I believe this is a very crucial tool which enables me to know with the changing world. I love explo ring and inventing new ways of carrying out my duties in nursing and health care. I am also an ideological leader who likes to achieve via endorsement of some values, ideals and maintaining the focus of the group on square issues. As a visionary leader, I like developing unique sense of the unknown by focusing on future plans, evaluating the lymph glands demands and evaluating the trend in the market. As an executive leader, I introduce the nursing and health care organization into the manner things are carried out. I am also a goal oriented leader where I have to castigate specific and achievable goals based on my competence. As an action-oriented leader I love leading as an example in the institution. Lastly, as a theorist leader I like identifying conquer models of how the institutions can be administered (Goldsmith,2010). Martin Luther King on the other hand had set of qualities that marked him as an inspirational leader. He was a persistent leader. iodine of the famous tr aits of Martin Luther king, Jr. was his persistent endeavors to lead, inspire and change. He was also a committed leader since no matter how much he achieved, he continued to seek for more. He was also a goal-oriented leader since heedless of more hindrances Luther kept restating the end goal. He was an inspirational leader since he acknowledged that to achieve his objectives he had to inspire those who had faith in his vision. Dr. Martin Luther King was also a change-oriented leader who constantly pursued new directions. He addressed the issue of civic rights from all directions regardless of violence, attacks or violence. He was also a visionary leader since his objective was beyond sharing his message with the public. Retrieved from http//brandredresume.com/10-leadership-qualities-of-dr-martin-luther-king-jr Martin Luther King was an executive leader since he demanded for respect and leeway to everyone thus becoming the pioneer. He was also a theorist leader since he made effo rts was to transform his followers. Martin Luther was an ideological leader who was not aquaphobic to uncover unchartered territories in civil rights. Lastly, he was an action oriented leader who was straight forward in his message. These traits made Martin Luther King a famous inspirational leader whose leadership styles can be emulated by generations. Martin Luther King transformational leadership was very effective since most transformational leaders are charismatic in nature. He had an exceptional approach of making people to work in unity rather than involving in frequent clashes. He listened calmly as other people argued and lastly call saturnine the debate by coming up with the way forward. These traits helped Luther to unite people to work together in unity. I share various traits with Martin Luther King such as visionary, change-oriented, action-oriented, and executive leader. These traits can be very effective if applied in the nursing and health care since it is a p co ifing field that requires dedication and innovativeness. Retrieved from http//brandredresume.com/10-leadership-qualities-of-dr-martin-luther-king-jr In conclusion, there are several leadership styles which a leader should possess in order to be influential in their role. However, it is very crucial to balance between preference and contextual demand. proficient leaders must have an objective so that they may lay down appropriate strategies to attain those goals. This also calls for persistence and commitment in attending the duties which will enable leaders to achieve their end goals. Martin Luther King left an irreplaceable mark as his exceptional leadership styles inspires many leaders and can be emulated in different leadership roles in organizations. The nursing and health sector require people with good leadership styles since it is a very demanding organization. In addition, the constant changing world requires organizations to be change-oriented so that they can cope with th ese changes.References10 Leadership Qualities of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.. (n.d.). BrandRed Resume. Retrieved June 6, 2014, from http//brandredresume.com/10-leadership-qualities-of-dr-martin-luther-king-jrCode of claim for nurses. (2012). Wellington Nursing Council of New Zealand.Duffy, J. R. (2009). Quality caring in nursing applying theory to clinical practice, education, and leadership. New York Springer Pub..Goldsmith, M. (2010). The AMA handbook of leadership. New York American Management Association.Source document

Hardware and Software Selection Paper Essay

engineering plays a very historic role in businesses beca theatrical role it helps accommodate things so oftentimes easier as far as bear witnessing the in orderion, create pecuniary statements, and delineate management. Thus, computer hardw ar is what the companies use for breeding storage, and packet packages are the tools businesses use to help the business run faster and easier. There are distinguishable types of computer hardware and software that the companies contrive to choose wisely to fit and return their businesses. It is important to have the hardware that help the federation store, organize, manipulate, and update the sum up of business information with the assistance of entropybase management programs because the company would use the programs to extend pass through with its customsers, employees, suppliers, and inventory. Also, the most important is that the programs leave the accountants and account statement clerks keep track and maintain with t he companys pecuniary reports, and the programs whollyow them to manage the payrolls as well as the account receivable and account payable to nullify error financial reports and tax returns.Riordan AIS integration and End-User Information AccessTechnology plays a very important role in all types of businesses because it helps the establishments lodge things done must fast, easy, and reassure. It alike allows the organizations to maintenance their businesses as well as keep track with the clients or consumers. Thus, many organizations use hardware to record the companys information, they also use the computer software as a method to protect their computers against hackers attack and another(prenominal) Internet treats. However, on that point are certain people in different level allowhaving devil to the information, and the people who need access to the information would be the accountants (general and supervisors), accounting clerks, director of accounting and finance, the president, CEO, CFO, and COO. The accounting clerks needs to access to the information to issue or enter payments, billings, and adjustment of credit or debit for the business, and they also need to access to the General Ledger and Month end reports to check up on all the information is right to avoid future problems.Also, the general accountant and accounting supervisors need to view the reports to ensure the accounting clerks complete their tasks by enter all the information before month end. Once all the information are entered the director of accounting and finance would access to analyse the reports or edit them if needed to ensure that the finance are corrected much(prenominal) as Account Payable and Credit, and they will base on the information and number on the reports to make best decisions for the business. On the other hand, the president, CEO, CFO, and COO would access to the entire governing body to review all the reports much(prenominal) as month end reports and payment reports in order to observe if the company is making or losing money. The bottom line would show that any the company is making profits or losing money and which areas. It is important for the reports to be accurate because the management would base on the information shows on these reports to make best decision for the business as well as the company.Riordan AIS Integration and Internal ControlsIntegrating the accounts receivable accounting process into an automate organisation overlooks specific internal sees to protect the company against fraud and theft. An efficient control system will protect the confidence of information, quickly identify errors, and end the opportunity of compromise. Setting controls should also ensure the accuracy of data entered into the accounts receivable ledger, ensure a segregation of duties, and promote a timely presentation of financial reports in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). In accordance wit h the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act, the company must ensure the integrity of all financial information. To determine the effectiveness of an automated accounts receivable process a system must be put in place to superintend it. pen control policies must be developed for all employees with access toautomated systems or relative information. There must be a baffle protocol implemented for all activities. Management must be beaten(prenominal) with and closely monitor daily activities. Infogix, Inc. is a software company that helps businesses to monitor and analyze information. Independent, automated controls are implemented to monitor information from begin to end. Infogix controls make sure that all activities comply with COBIT, all transactions are validated, and subsequently compliance costs are reduced.AIS Integration and Reporting Processes opening integration of centralized accounting information system (AIS) at Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. (Riordan) brings a number of challenges with respect to reporting processes. Previously, Riordans various AIS deployed in regional offices have been unable to achieve anything remotely resembling seamless compatibility (Apollo Group, Inc., 2013, RiordanFinance Overview, para. 5), with a match lack of information portability and availableness between offices. A centralized data warehouse for Riordan allows all regional offices to enter and store accounts receivable data in uniform data tables and procedures, permitting more easily comprehended data in nearly real-time accessibility. This enhanced data storage content also requires enhanced information reporting processes, with sufficiently compelling and tensile hardware and software packages to meet the complex and diverse needs of Riordans central administration and its many regional offices.Hardware ProposalsRiordans multiple regional offices present a diverse requirement in monetary value of hardware needs. Most office workers will find their tasks sufficiently q uenched with standard personal computers, without requiring much customization by the organization aside from devotion to security protocol. Many sales and executive staff will require far more complex and diverse hardware packages in their work. laptop computer computers allow nearly all capabilities of a personal computer in a more portable device, but may yet be too bulky when literally on the move. To this end, tablet computers and smart-phones allow access to the Internet and thuswith the proper credentials and softwaresufficient accessibility to organizational information systems and communication networks. However, a balance must befound between convenience and cost-effectiveness in terms of actual hardware selection in these circumstances.Reporting Software ProposalsTwo powerful pieces of software for business reporting purposes are Crystal Reports and barter Objects. According to the selling department of its publisher, Crystal Reports is powerful, user-friendly applica tions that can help you deliver separate insights to the right decision maker, at the right time, in the right format ( outwear, 2014, para. 1). This sort of software is a SQL programming tool to design and fire custom, automated reports from a variety of data sources in an organizational information system. The program engine may also be integrated into custom designed data entry and reporting software packages from other third-party vendors, allowing these powerful reports to be easily incorporated into packages custom designed to meet the organizations informational needs.AIS Integration with Company Internet and Intranet PortalsThe companys intranet should have information that allows employees to be more knowledgeable about the company. It should include items such as an employee directory wellbeing plan details structural information regarding the company the companys mission statement, goals, and objectives and request forms for supplies and processes. Although detailed i nformation regarding Accounts receivable would not be shared on the Intranet, the large picture of the financial information for the company should be on the Intranet for employees to view. This could include quarterly financial reports, with the total accounts receivable amount integrated into the report. This would allow employees to feel authorize by knowing how the company is handling money. It also gives employees a liveliness of contentment knowing that they are secure in their organization. In conclusion, it is important for the company to choose the best hardware and software to fit and benefit the company to ensure that it aids the business as well as creating the financial reports and keep track with its customers.ReferencesApollo Group, Inc. (2013). Virtual organizations portalRiordanCompany intranetHomepage. Retrieved fromhttps//ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/cist/VOP/Business/Riordan/index.asp Apollo Group, Inc. (2013). Virtual organizations portalRiordanCompany intr anetFinance overview. Retrieved from https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/cist/VOP/Business/Riordan/Finance/Overview.asp Bagranoff, N. A., Norman, C. S., Simkin, M. G. (2008). Core concepts of accounting information systems (10th ed.). New York, NY John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Retrieved from University of phoenix ACC/340Accounting Information SystemsCourse Materials. SAP.com (2014) Empower your small business with SAP Crystal Reports. Retrieved from http//www.sap.com/solution/sme/software/analytics/crystal-reports/index.html

Accounting Education: an international journal Essay

ABSTRACTThis instruction into the perceived impressivecape of spontaneous converse achievements in measure statement include the collection and abridgment of quantitative and qualitative entropy from a subject argona adopt of tender Zealand accountants, fol petty(a)ed by a serial publication of semi-structured references. Survey and interview entropy reveal reason with existing literature naked Zealand account employers find all spontaneous talk achievements close towhat primary(prenominal) and a summate of peculiar(prenominal) skills super distinguished, but employers too report rarely purpose the essential level of literal discourse proficiency in revolutionary university graduates. The guinea pig produced an roll of 27 sepa prize talk communicating skills that will be mappingful to similar investigations in different internal scenes. Additionally, the findings of this theatre of operations whitethorn be useful to curricular expandment bot h(prenominal) in the brisk Zealand and international contexts.See to a greater extent Satirical try out about drugsKEY WORDS spoken communion, work s stamp out converse, listen, presentation skills, headph atomic number 53 skills1.IntroductionAcademics and practiti oners do non eternally concur but, in the case of communicating skills in accounting graduates, these two sets of stakeholders are in firm agreement both written and spontaneous confabulation skills are extremely master(prenominal) in the method of accounting work- place (Albin and Crockett, 1991 Albrecht and Sack, 2000 Borzi and Mills, 2001 Hock, 1994 Johnson and Johnson, 1995 LaFrancois, 1992 McDonald, 2007 Morgan, 1997). This agreement extends across international boundaries, as a build of studies around the globe form reported the eminent value placed on communion skills, for example in the UK (Morgan, 1997), ground forces (Smythe and Nikolai, 2002), and Australia (Tempone and Martin, 2003). In ton ic Zealand, the site of the present consume, academic studies into the magnificence of confabulation skills in accounting and the challenges of t to man-to-manly oneing those skills (Gardner, Milne, Stringer and Whiting, 2005 McLaren, 1990) gather in multiple corollaries in the workforce. method of accounting contrast advertisements regularly request both literal and written converse skills competency in ad-lib conference is vehemenceed on the website of the impertinently Zealand Institute of leased Accountants (NZICA) and oral converse is an explicit component of the legal opinion structure of the PCE2 examination, which concludes the second (and final) stage of training towards becoming a hire Accountant in impudent Zealand. However, both formal studies and anecdotal leaven suggest that new accountancy graduates often do not ingest communication skills sufficient to meet the demands of the workplace, particular(prenominal)ly in the area of oral communication (Adler and Milne, 1994 Courtis and Zaid, 2002 colorise, 2010 McLaren, 1990 Zaid and Abraham, 1994).Students in New Zealand whitethorn graduate with a university tip in accountancy after three years of full- cartridge holder breeding. (Accountancy may also be line of business in less(prenominal) rigorous programs at polytechnics and institutes of technology.) The intensity of the university programs of study, which are accredited by NZICA, way of life students have a challenging workload of expert study and very limited prob capacity to take elective or liberal courses. Of course, limited class time and the resultant curricular pressures and inadequate skill mastery are not unique to the New Zealand accountancy schoolroom (Pittenger, Miller and Mott, 2004 Wardrope and Bayless, 1999). The globally-recognised problem of poor oral communication skill in accoun- tancy graduates leads to a serial publication of questions that guide practical answers. How should university edu cators respond, strategically and pedagogically, to this reported lack of oral communication skills in new graduates?. What approaches and assessments within university courses will best meet the needs of students be after to successful accountancy careers?. To what extent is the development of such skills in students the tariff of the university and what is the role of the workplace in develop oral communication skills? in the first place university educators can make any heart and soulful decisions concerning pedagogy or curricula, and befittingly teach the oral communication skills needed for a successful accountancy career, they need concrete info regarding exactly which special skills are or so valued and well-nigh needed in accountancy. Thus a investigate question was formu- lated to as certain(prenominal) the value of specialised oral communication skills in new graduates, as perceived by New Zealand accountancy employers. It was hoped that answers to this inquir y question would provide educators with ad hoc information with which to consider their optimal pedagogical responses. The search question led to the construction and implementation of this longitudinal study. initial research objectives were. To determine how much enormousness New Zealand accountancy employers placeon oral communication skills in the new graduates they hire. . To determine what specialised kinds of oral communication skills are required by New Zealand accountancy employers in new graduates.. To determine the mark to which accountancy employers are finding the required oral communication skills in newly-graduated accountancy students.The study include the collection and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data, from a national survey of New Zealand accountants, followed by a series of semi-structured Oral Communication Skills in New Accountancy Graduates 277interviews. Initial findings from the first-phase survey have been reported elsewhere (Gray, 2010). Overall, survey and interview data revealed that accountancy employers find all oral communication skills somewhat important and a play of specific skills extremely important, but that the required level of overall oral communication skill was seldom appoint in new graduates. Accountancy employers agreed that the obstinacy of pixilated oral communication skills improves a graduates peril of succeeding in the hiring action and also of progressing in his or her career.The study produced an inven- tory of 27 individual(a) oral communication skills, of which sense of hearing skills were nearly highly valued by accountancy employers, and formal presentation skills were considered least valuable, although in that respect was disagreement on this point. It is hoped the oral communi- cation skill inventory will be useful to similar investigations in different national contexts. Additionally, the findings of this study may be of use both in the New Zealand and inter- national conte xt in the long-term planning of curricular development.2.Literature ReviewStudies of communication in accountancy agree colossally on the impressiveness of written and oral communication skills. Many formal and intimate studies to this point have tended to use everyday terms such as communication skills, or the hitherto vaguer term generic skills1 it is difficult to ascertainthe precise implicateing of such all- grasping terms as they apply to lease accountancy. For example, Zaid and Abraham (1994) studied the problems encountered by accountancy graduates former(a) in their employment careers, and reported a primary area of difficulty to be in communication with others. bread maker and McGregor (2000) compared the importance perceived in communication skills by a quash of accountancy stakeholder throngs this study, too, sole(prenominal) uses the broad term communication skills. De Lange, Jackling, and Gut (2006) surveyed Australian accoun- tancy graduates and found that st udents reported themselves to have a significant skill wish in the specific areas of interpersonal skills and oral expression these two broad categories, however, were no more closely examined or defined.Within the small human body of studies that have examined a particular set of communi- cation skills in accountancy, most have focussed on written communication skill (Albrecht and Sack, 2000 Ashbaugh, Johnstone and Warfield, 2002 English, Bonanno, Ihnatko, Webb and Jon Ng, Lloyd, Kober and Robinson, 1999 Webb, English and Bonanno, 1995). very few studies have examined oral communication specifically, or identified individual oral communication skills. Morgan (1997) is an exception in a study of accountancy professionals in England and Waleses, 1999 Hall, 1998 he identifies 13 individual skill areas within oral communication activities in accountancy. There is no agreement on a classificatory inventory of such skills. One study into oral communi- cation, by Maes, Weldy and Iceno gle (1997), surveyed American craft employers from a broad array of industries on graduates obstinacy of another 13 straightforward oral communication skills.Maes et al. (1997) and McLaren (1990) both specifically list perceive as a desirable communication skill and, more recently, Goby and Lewis (2000) have examined listening as a specific business communication skill. Other research has variously investigated a number of individual oral communication skills across a clip of business industries, including conveying expertise through spoken communication and giving intelligible explanations (Smythe and Nikolai, 2002), delivering formal presenta- tions (Wardrope, 2002), and participating in a range of more informal presentations (Crosling and Ward, 2002). The first phase of this study drew together the foci and findings of previous studies in relation to theproduction of a comprehensive list of oral communi- cation skills (Gray, 2010). 278F. E. Gray and N. MurrayAscertaining th e particular requirements of accountancy employers in regard to specific communication skills should be of assistance to university educators planning the curricu- lar content and assessments of university courses, as academics and practitioners agree that written and oral communication skills are two major areas needing more attention in the university accountancy curriculum (Albrecht and Sack, 2000 Henderson, 2001 Simons and Higgins, 1993). However, the relationship between workplace demand and classroom instruction is not necessarily simple. While a considerable torso of scholarship has recommended a variety of curricular improvements for university level accounting concomitants of life (see, for example, Henderson, 2001 Sin, Jones, and Petocz, 2007 and Usoff and Feldmann, 1998), the literature reflects a significant concern in relation to the transferability of taught communication skills from the university classroom environment to the real-world environment of the accountan cy workplace (Beaufort, 1999 Cooper, 1997 DAloisio, 2006 Davies and Birbili, 2000 Kemp and Seagraves, 1995 Thomas, 1995).A number of academics and employers suggest that universities should not bear the entire responsibility for growing workplace-ready communication skills in students. They argue that organisations employing new graduatesand graduates themselves should share the responsibility for evolution contextualised and discourse-specific com- munication competencies (Ford, 2009 Hayes and Kuseski, 2001 Muir and Davis, 2004 Triebel and Gurdjian, 2009). Such competencies, after all, are developed by means of a number of contributing factors, including age and maturity, as well as familiarity with and distance of exposure to a specific discourse community. University training, however comprehensive, cannot encompass all these variables.Research into accountancy education has also recognised the particular problems faced by English second talking to (ESL) speakers striving to develop written and oral communi- cation competency as well as the technical proficiencies required in accountancy work- places (Andrews, 2006 McGowan and Potter, 2008 Webb et al., 1995). Several studies in New Zealand and internationally report on the difficulties that ESL accountancy gradu- atesface in a war-ridden hiring environment (Birrell, 2007 Jacobs, 2003 James and Otsuka, 2009 Kim, 2004).With regard to the specific question of developing communication skills within univer- sity-level accountancy instruction, scholars have suggested an array of learning and assessment approaches (Adler and Milne, 1997 Milne, 1999 Milne and McConnell, 2001 Tempone and Martin, 2003). This study recognises that developers of curricula must balance data regarding workplace demand with institutional and accreditation- associate demands and a number of other pedagogical considerations. Notwithstanding, educational responses to the challenges of developing oral communication skills in students m ay be usefully informed by empirical data identifying the particular skills most highly valued and most pressingly needed within accountancy, as perceived by employers themselves. This study provides such data.3.MethodThe project was conducted in two stages over the course of nearly sextette months. In phase one, a questionnaire was send out to all New Zealand undertake accountancy firms, and this was followed in phase two by a series of reverberate interviews with accountancy professionals. Prior to data collection, ethics favorable reception was sought from and granted by the Ethics Committee of the authors institution. Questionnaire and interview answerers were provided with a written exposition of the project, were assured of confidentiality, and granted permission earlier their responses were recorded. Oral Communication Skills in New Accountancy Graduates 2793.1QuestionnaireIn the first stage, a questionnaire was sent to all New Zealand chartered accountancy firms, con taining a series of questions concerning the quality of oral communication skills pos- sessed by new accountancy graduates, the specific oral communication skills which employers desire, and the role of oral communication skills in the hiring process (Gray, 2010). The majority of the questions were designed to be answered on a five-pointLikert scale, but the questionnaire also included several(prenominal) short-answer questions. The questionnaire instrument was developed through a series of iterations. The findings and design of previous New Zealand and international research studies that had identified specific communication skills were consulted (including Gray, Emerson and MacKay, 2006 Maes et al., 1997 McLaren, 1990 Morgan, 1997 Smythe and Nikolai 2002), and the individual oral communication skills collated.The catalogue of individual skills was make headway extended through conversations with university colleagues in the communi- cation and accountancy departments, and then th e input of New Zealand accounting prac- titioners was solicited from a pilot burner study. The aim of these iterations was to compose the fullest possible inventory of oral communication skills, and to reflect the unique aspects of the New Zealand accountancy context. A foundational study was McLarens 1990 investigation into communication skill in New Zealand accountancy. One important construct borrowed from McLaren was the distinction between listening paying attention and listening responsiveness. Constructs were also adapted from studies conducted by Morgan (1997), Zaid and Abraham (1994), and De Lange et al. (2006). Smythe and Nikolais oral communication concerns manikin (1996, 2002) proved particularly useful in the construction of this questionnaire.This model identifies three categories of concern as a framework for grouping oral com- munication skills self-concern, task-concern, and impact (or outcome) concern. Smythe and Nikolai postulate that a progression takes place from one form of concern to the next in line with a persons career progression and his/her growth in experience and confidence in communicating orally in the workplace. Since the target population for this study was a constituency at a mature career stage within chartered accountancy firms, Smythe and Nikolais progressive divisions were not retained (although a number of their questions were incorporated, particularly in the areas of task concern and impact concern). Instead, divisions between questions were created in relation to different consultations, building on the finding of a connect study (Gray et al., 2006) that New Zealand employers report new graduates to significantly lack audience awareness in their communications.After a comprehensive list of specific oral communication skills was generated, the questionnaire draft was piloted on four accountancy professionals, and their feedback enabledquestions to be refined. A number of skills that were initially individually id ent- ified were modified and condensed into a smaller number of broader and more inclusive skills for example, Building audience confidence in recommendations and Projecting an image of sincerity and commitment (both impact concerns from Smythe and Nikolais taxonomy) were combine into the one, more inclusive skill category, Convey- ing a knowledgeable and confident demeanour.Additionally, feedback from the pilot study led to the second of the two specified listening skills macrocosm more fully explicated, thus Listening responsiveness (that is, acting appropriately on messages received). Again building on feedback from the pilot regarding usability, the questionnaire as a whole was divided into three sections. Section A captured introductory information including the size of the organisation and the qualifications held by new graduates hired in the termination three years. Section B listed the full, final inventory of 27 individual oral 280F. E. Gray and N. Murraycommunication sk ills, collected into the following audience-related divisions I. Listening skills II. collegiate communication skills III. Client communication skills IV. Communi- cation skills with management and V. General Audience depth psychology Skills. Respondents were asked to rate the importance of each skill, as well as the oftenness with which this skill is found in new accountancy graduates.At the end of Section B respondents were invited to add to the questionnaire any other oral communication skills that they con- sidered important for new accountancy graduates. Section C, Final Questions, asked respondents whether oral communication training was available in or through their organ- isation, whether oral communication training should be included in university accoun- tancy education programmes, and finally to gauge the hours per working week a new accountancy graduate would be engaged in communicating orally. At the close of the questionnaire, respondents were given the alternative to volunteer for a follow-up interview.3.1.2 Respondents.The questionnaire was sent to all chartered accountancy firms listed on the New Zealand online business directory, and was addressed to the Practice Manager as the individual most likely to havein-depth knowledge of the process of hiring new graduates. New Zealands professional accountancy body, the New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants (NZICA) reports that 40.7% of its members work in the private sector, while the second largest percentage, 27.5%, are engaged in Chartered Accountancy practices (2008 annual report). Working on the guess that CA prac- tices hire a percentage of new graduates proportionate to their brawny percentage of NZICA members, CA practices were chosen as the focal population for this study as they represent (in contrast to the private sector) a readily diagnosable and readily contact- able group of employers.2 While the New Zealand online business directory listed 1,111 chartered accountancy firms as of 1April 2008, a number of listed organisations had ceased operations or were uncontactable, and the questionnaire was at last mailed to 760 firms.Of 760 mailings, 146 questionnaires were returned, producing a response rate of 19.2%. While this response rate was higher than the 15% usable response rate reported by McLaren in her 1990 study of New Zealand accountancy professionals, it remains margin- ally light than the typical response rate for postal-based questionnaires (20 40%, as given in Frankfort-Nachmias and Nachmias, 1996). Possible reasons for this relatively low response rate include the fact that time and funding did not permit follow-up mailings, and also the fact that the target population is frequently time-poor and frequently surveyed. While non-response virgule is an ineluctable concern when the response rate is less than 100 per cent, a low response rate does not necessarily equate to a non-response bias (Gendall, 2000).A degree of representativeness was observable in the geographical spread of respondents, the positions held by respondents (see below), and the types of businesses responding, suggesting globalisation across a range of accountancy business types is viable. The questionnaire was mailed to separate groups of potential respondents in six post- ings, each approximately 10 days by. The show in which responses were received generally mirrored the order in which postings were mailed that is, the first groups responses were received before the second groups questionnaires began to be returned, and so on. As a record of receipt for each individual survey was not kept, early versus late response bias cannot be checked. As a whiz mail-out technique was used for each individual, itmay be argued that differences in respondent type are not as applicable as may be seen in a survey where some participants responded early, whereas others received several reminders and mail-outs before responding.Analyses were undertaken trea ting the six postings as separate groups to determine any potential differences by respondent type. All groups were similar in claiming that oral communication in general was either inwrought or very important in the accountancy profession. Furthermore, oral communication skill was always important as a hiring factor for all mail-out groups. When comparing each group on importance and relative frequency of communication skills using a Kruskall-Wallis test, only one significant difference was found for frequency of listening skills seen in new graduates, x2 11.60, P ,0.05. Post- hoc Mann-Whitney U tests subsequently revealed no significant differences in frequency of listening skills seen in new graduates between any of the six groups (using a Bonferroni correction). While the questionnaires were addressed to the Practice Managers of each organis- ation, respondents revealed a degree of variability. The majority of completed question- naires were anonymous, but the respondents who identified themselves ranged from partners in large firms, to of age(p) employees in very small firms, to Human Resources directors.3.2 conversesThe second phase of the study involved employer interviews. Forty-five questionnaire respondents volunteered to be contacted for follow-up interviews, and 19 volunteers could subsequently be contacted by telephone for complete interviews. The interviewee sample size was considered adequate due to its purposive nature and the recent finding that, within such samples, data saturation (including metathemes and subthemes) occurs within the first 12 interviews (Guest, Bunce and Johnson, 2006). It was intended that the qualitative data from interviews would triangulate and extend conclusions arising from analysis of the quantitative data.The interview data incorporated into the study an ethnographic element, thick description, a rich, detailed description of specifics (Neuman, 2003, p.367), which helped produce more robust and credible conclus ions. Telephone interviews were conducted between October and declination 2008. Intervie- wees ranged from accountancy practice managers to sole practitioners, to partners in large firms. The semi-structured interviews ranged in length from 15 to 45 minutes and sought clarification of a number of issues arising from the questionnaire data, including the impli- cations of globalisation for oral communication in accountancy, the impact of new technologies and the importance of telephone skills, the centrality of listening skills, and the desirability of presentation skills for graduates new to the accountancy workplace.3.3Data abstract erst the data from the questionnaires was collated, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. Mean and average scores were calculated with regard to the importance scores given to each individual oral communication skill, and to the frequency scores (how often each skill is observed in new graduate hires). Each mean was the product of the additi on of all the individual importance or frequency scores for each communication skill, divided by the sample size.The normal deviation (SD) of each mean score, as well as the inter-quartile range for the median, was also calculated to indicate the relative spread of responses, with higher figures consider to wider ranges of scores. Owing to a number of missing responses, the denominator of responses to each question shows some variation. As the skill variables violated the assumption of normality (expected given the general level of agreement in employers perceptions), non-parametric tests were used. Where relevant, all assumptions of the named tests below were met. 282F. E. Gray and N. MurrayAs mentioned in 3.1, Section B of the questionnaire invited respondents to write in any hike oral communication skills which they felt were important for new accountancy graduates to possess, distinct from the 27 skills listed. Comments identifying additional skills were received from 36 resp ondents these comments were recorded and analysed for thematic consistency. Once the interviews were transcribed, themes were alsoidentified and analysed. Grounded theory was applied to analyse these themes, that is, inductive analysis in which data produce meanings, rather than meanings existence applied from outdoor theory (Strauss and Corbin, 2000).4.Findings4.1Research Objective 1 How Much Importance do New Zealand Accountancy Employers Place on Oral Communication Skills in the New Graduates they Hire?The questionnaire data presented a clear answer to the first research question. Oral communication skill in general was considered to be infixed in a new graduate by 49.6% (n 133) of respondents a come on 41.4% reported it to be very important. On a judge scale from 1 to 5, where 1 was not important and 5 was essential, the overall mean for oral communication skill in general was 4.39 (Md 4.00). A Kruskal- Wallis test found no significant difference in the importance value a ssigned to oral communication skill depending on the size of the organisation, x2(4) 5.48, p . 0.05. During the second phase of the study, interviewees strongly reiterated the perceived importance of oral communication skill CL called oral communication a career divider, meaning it was indispensable to success within accountancy, and EK labelled strong oral communication a distinguishing factor setting good accountants apart from the mediocre.SWS stated Being able to communicate is a number one priority .. . and its going to get more and more important. Interview data also supported the signifi- cance of a theme that emerged from written-in comments in the questionnaire the impor- tance of oral communication skills in accountancy is perceived to be increasing speedily as a direct result of globalisation, and an increased utter tractability and cross-cultural adaptability are considered particularly important in this context. Reporting that they always take oral communication ski ll into account in hiring decisions were 64.1% (n 131) of questionnaire respondents (a meat of 90.8% reported this to be a hiring factor either always or often). RT stated that strong oral communi- cation skills often proved the important factor in a hiring decisionThe person who presents well verbally, if you had to regurgitate a coin between two of them, same grades and all that, the one who can communicate better, youd give it to that person I appreciate. .. . It has to be one of the most powerful strengths or powerful weaknesses that nation have.No questionnaire respondents reported never taking an applicants oral communi- cation skills into account in the hiring process, and several interviewees reported incorpor- ating specific checks of a candidates oral competency into their hiring process. For example, TB stated that he telephones all job applicants prior to an in-office interview, in order to gauge their skills in speaking on the telephone.4.2Research Objective 2 Wh at Specific Kinds of Oral Communication Skills are required by New Zealand Accountancy Employers?Figure 1. Perceived importance of communication skills by perceived frequency of new graduate abilityimportance of the individual communication skills against the perceived frequency with which these skills are seen in new graduates. Figure 1 shows that the importance and fre- quency measures follow a similar pattern. This may reflect the influence of the workplace in focussing on developing certain communication competencies in new graduates, or hiring based on those competencies being present to a certain degree. However, there is still an obvious gap between the importance of each skill and the degree to which it is seen in new graduates.4.2.1Listening skills.On a rating scale from 1 to 5, where 1 was notimportant and 5 was essential, the two skills considered most important were those of listening attentive- ness and listening responsiveness, valued respectively at 4.81 (Md 5.00)82% of respondents stratified listening attentiveness as essentialand 4.80 (Md 5.00)a further 82% of respondents classifying listening responsiveness as essential. In sub- sequent interviews, KC expound listening to another person as being a more important skill than that of articulating ones own thoughtsSometimes, speaking less is better than speaking more. Sometimes you have to have more listening ability. That listening ability will give you the timing of when to say things and when not to say things.. ..A number of interviewees linked listening skill to a related set of competencies concern- ing a speakers ability to create rapport and adjust to audiences needs. These interviewees spoke of the need for accountancy professionals to communicate with others (clients, colleagues, and managers) in their own language.We learn to use sometimes slightly different language in order to be able to communicate to different raft and thats certainly part of our job when were in a service ind ustry like 284F. E. Gray and N. Murrayaccountancy. We need to talk to people in their language and use words and conduct that they are comfortable with (BR wildness added).Its important to understand your client so that youre speaking almost in like language so that you know who you are talking to and you know they are understanding (SWS emphasis added).I think its a horses for courses principle, youve got to know your clients or the people youre dealing with. If you happen to know someone didnt like a certain style or you could pick from their responses then you reply with like with like (DW emphasis added).JC mentioned adjusting style and PW mentioned adjusting messagechannel, in relation to the particular needs of the audience. MT emphasised the importance for accountancy graduates to gauge appropriateness of languageTheyve got to spot that when theyre dealing with clients, or senior members of organis- ations, that theyve got to communicate it appropriately and not in a ma nner that they may always communicate with their friends or colleagues.Interviewees agreed that this kind of reflective adjustment to an audiences favourite(a) register is dependent on a speakers ability to listen and make appropriate communicative changes.4.2.2 Vocabulary and tease. Several individual oral communication skills identified in the questionnaire concerned engaging in dialogue and using language and channels preferred by the communication partner. These included explaining or making a topic intelligible to colleagues (x 4.28, Md 4.00, ranked ninth) giving feedback to clients (x 4.17, Md 4.00, ranked 13th) and using appropriate vocabulary for the audience, a general audience skill (x 4.21, Md 4.00, ranked 10th). Follow-up inter- view questions seeking more information concerning the importance of instructive and vocabulary skills elicited a number of specific concerns with the use of slang by new accountancy graduates. TO stated A lot of them have devolved into .. . use of a lot of colloquialisms that may not be pleasurable to the older generation. According to NM, overly casual language destroys credibility.Its surd enough for a young person to break in and to be heard, I guess in a business sense when youre trying to sell to, I guess older people or experienced people. If you come out with schoolyard slang, you dont stand a chance.Interviews emphasised the desirability in new graduates of a wide-ranging and flexile vocabulary (described by one interviewee as a mental drop-down lineup of words), oper- ating in tandem with the ability to access thecorrect level of spoken formality. After listening attentiveness and listening responsiveness, questionnaire results ident- ified the next five most highly valued individual oral communication skills as being Con- veying professional attitude of respect and interest in clients (x 4.68, Md 5.00) asking for clarification or feedback from management (x 4.57, Md 5.00) Speaking on the telephon e/making conference calls with clients (x 4.53, Md 5.00) Describ- ing situations accurately and precisely to superior(s) (x 4.47, Md 5.00) and Convey- ing a knowledgeable and confident demeanour to clients (x 4.45, Md 5.00). Please see knock back 1 for a complete record of the average and median importance values accorded to each oral communication skill, as well as the reported mean and median frequency with which each skill was found in new accountancy graduates (see also, Gray, 2010).

Sullivan Ford Case Study

Introduction This topic details the position of chirrup Sullivan-Diaz, the 28-year-old daughter of Walter Sullivan who died at the age of 56. Walter had bought a Ford turn overership in 1983 that sluicetu entirey grew into what is now Sullivan Ford machine World. The vexation concern sells political machines entirely in like manner usefulnesss them. Carol is disappointed by current turnover in auto gross cut-rate sales and sees that the military proceeds revenues argon below average for this size of beat intercourseership. Carols now has to go under what way to tackle the future.She preserve sell the business yet result probably only return a value below what it might be worth if profitable or she quarter visualise at the operation and see if she can turn it around herself. enchantment she has a bachelors degree in economics, an MBA degree and a stress in health c be management, she to a fault served time sueing with her take so she appears to get at laid the skills and hear to tackle the issue if she so desires. Characteristics of serve The rail cable gondola sales and cable railroad car work argon closely linked. here, we look at the car divine emolument following on from the car sale and both these movees be happening with the same bearr, Sullivan Ford Auto World. spell we gener eachy say that operate atomic number 18 intangible, in this case the car sales divine dish out(a) has a high goods content that is the car at the close of the process. The car do on the other hand, is intangible. The core business hither can be looked at as the car sales and the supplementary serving is the car table service. Sullivan is trying to establish the service as a stand-alone service. Sullivan could progress to guests that give non bought a car scarce have their own car serviced at the garage.But Sullivan would trust that when they sell a car, this guest exit come back on a regular basis to have their car servic ed. However, survey results suggest Sullivan is non getting repeats. other difference here is that when a car is sold, ownership changes to the defileer but in run we say that ownership does not change. What happens is that the car service process changes the sensual obstinacy that is the car. As we distinguish, services cannot be stored. The physical car can be stored and unplowed as stock or inventory but the car servicing cannot.Therefore, it is essential that the servicing is unploughed working in govern to generate turnover. If the service subdivision has subject matter to service ten cars per daytime, it moldiness try to meet that target because if it is informal at any stage, that time (and time is money) cannot be regained. In the sale of a car, the customer can be problematical as they are making the procure decisions. They pass on decide if they submit or wish the car and then essay information. They can view the car, test gross out it, smell the in t he altogether car smell and enjoy the experience. They can turn over Sullivan and see whats on offer in advance.With the car service, the customer is not really involved (except to deliver the car for appointment) as car service is specialised and the customer provide not be play when the service is being carried out. They cannot see the service and whitethorn have to face and drive for days to be certain the service was successful. When the customer is purchase a natural car, they leave alone be fairly sure of what they are getting. Ford has a good reputation and is seen to be a authoritative brand, so the customer can be confident. The service is not the same. It is harder for Sullivan to sustain consistency with the service.Sullivan go forth be depending on his own operatives to provide the quality whereas the car purchase leave depend on Ford. Also, if thither is a problem with the service, it will be difficult to hide this from the customer. It will be essential for Sullivan to be advised of the customers expectation so as he will not be disappointed after(prenominal)wards. I also aspect that there is a feel-good factor to buying a car and the customer is a great deal happy to be involved in the deal but with a service, it usually happens when there is a problem so the customer may not feel happy when availing of this service and necessarily to be made feel comfortable. Walt said this himself when talking about the front man end everybodys happy when person is buying a new car and also observed of the service side customers always look to be miserable back there). Also, as it takes time to service the car and doing without the car may inconvenience the customer, they may have a negative perception earlier the process starts. There is need to be aware of the difference amongst the car service and the customer service. The service may be good but the customer service can be bad at the same time. Customer Behaviours ) A take care q uality is a characteristic that can be easily accessed before purchase. 1 In the case of the car, the customer will be able to search qualities like colour, performance. He can get a feel for the car by looking around the interior, the boot, see what the engine looks like and sounds like. These are qualities he can use his five esthesis datums to quantify. They are tangible. Fords reputation should eliminate risk when purchasing. However, this is not the case for the service. He cannot have a pre-purchase experience. There is no tangibility. For this, his behaviour will change.He may seek testimonials from others and depend much on word of mouth. He will seek advice on the reputation of Sullivans service. From the case, we see that there are problems with the service. Delays at process, inconvenient programming, availability of split etc. There is a risk here as the service may not be satisfactory so Sullivan mustiness reassure the customer. Sullivan must ensure that the mec hanics are fully trained and that customers have authority in them b) An experience quality is a characteristic that can only be assessed after use. 2 Generally, there is a feel good factor after roughone buys a car.With a reliable brand like Ford, customers would feel midget risk involved and would enjoy their new car. Providing that the car runs hale, the buyer should be in a position to pass on this experience by word of mouth. This is not true of the car service. Firstly, the customer may not know if the service worked. There is a risk there even after the service. One could, for example, have left the car in for servicing because every now and then the car may lose power. I believe that the customer will still be wary for some time after. If the car then loses power, there will be that sense of let squander.I have found I am often on edge after a service, almost appearing for something to go wrong. If the customer is unhappy with the delays, etc outlined earlier, that too will affect the experience quality. Sullivans customers do not come along to be enjoying the experience between delays, inconvenience and a grubby work entrance as salutary as the mechanics not explaining what is happening. c) A credence quality is a characteristic that consumer may have difficulty assessing even after purchase because they do not have the knowledge or experience. 3 This may not be an issue when buying the car.The buyer immediately knows how a new car is. One expects that the driver is experienced enough to know how the car feels and also would be aware of their expectations. When it comes to the car service, the customer may not know anything about car mechanics but will know how they feel after and if they are happy with the car. They do not need any expertise to know if the problem has been resolved. Sullivans people are not communicating with them well. d) There are different risks involved with the twain services. Ideally, buying a new car should involve no risks but you can be unlucky.You could end with a car that has problems but this is sensibly rare. The car service is different. You have to trust the service provider that they can do the job. You may be depending on recommendations and unsure of the quality of the service. The customer will not be present so has to rely on the provider that they will do the job correctly (and will work outset time, was it fixed right) and indeed must feel sure that they will existingly do the job at all. This is an land gift to fraud, as the customer will not see the process. The customer here may be worried about the risk of delays.It tells us that Sullivan is black to write the orders, not convenient when it comes to scheduling, unsure of availability of parts and this all takes times. e) The decision making process for buying the car will be as follows. First, the customer recognised the want for the car. Next they will seek information. The information will come from research, word of mo uth, specialist publications, etc. ill-use three will be the evaluation of alternatives. The alternatives are fairly curb and will be to decide if he wants to take public transport, get a bicycle, depend on lifts but if one ants to be independent, there are no alternatives. Next is the purchase and then after that, guess the product. Has it satisfied his ask? Was it of value? f) The car service will have a different 3-stage process. Firstly, at the pre-purchase stage, the customer will be aware of their need and that means that the car need servicing. They will explore solutions and that may mean going to the service provider or look for alternatives. They will talk to third parties and maybe the supplier themselves. This will attend them signalize risks and their desired service level.The zone of tolerance will be complete at this time. An alternative will be to service the car at home or get a friend who is skilled to do this that they trust. If they decide to go ahead, th ey will then make that decision. Service will be delivered and payment made. After this timber is the post-encounter stage. Here they will evaluate the performance and compare it to their expectations. Are they satisfied or not with the service? Interestingly, the survey shows that the customers are made aware of what they had to do if they needed a service but less than a third had been introduced to someone in that departmentFlower of Service Below is the Flower of Service and abridgment of the problems facing Sullivan. The core is the car servicing and both the facilitating services and enhancing services surround it. pic Facilitating Services Information This is the first step in the service where the customers get the information they need. In Sullivans, they are told what to do if they need a service but they are not being introduced to any of the team. Here they should find out about the scheduling, how long the service will take, the price, does the guaranty cover it, et c.Order Taking This is where the bookings are taken the scheduling is put into define and so on. Sullivans seem to be falling down here. Their survey results show the worst ratings and things like promptness of orders, scheduling convenience, service hours convenience are all pointed out. The fact that all orders were hand-written slowed down processing and often the telephone ringing slowed it down even more untold to the frustration of the customers. Another frustration was that if the job was not of routine nature, a price could not be given on the spot. The customer would be called later in the morning with an estimate.Billing People expect cook and precise billing and there is nothing to suggest that there is a problem here and as all orders are handwritten and with carbon paper copies, it should be easy for the bills to be clear. Also, the customer is either given an present moment extension for routine work or will contacted with a quotation so this should make billing clear. Payment As the cars are due(p) to be collected by 6pm on the day of the service, it would be pass judgment that payment be made then. The service writer would have all the paperwork in order when the customer would collect the car. Enhancing ServicesConsultation This is more than just information. Information really consists of answering the questions of customers whereas consultation is deeper and probes the specific needs or requirements of the customer and then draw up an appropriate plan. This would be important in an area where the customer is unfamiliar with actual service. The mechanic should diagnose the problems and then take the customer step by step through the possible solutions and alternatives. Here in Sullivans, they explained what to do when a service was needed but after that not many were introduced to someone in the service department.This is where the expertise lies and therefore consultation should have followed. The survey also said that customers w ere offered poor descriptions of the work done and found the supply barbaric and impolite. Hospitality This is the have that customers should get on arrival and a sense of being a valued customer. This should be easy to deal with as a grin and a friendly face costs nothing. Feargal Quinn, of Superquin fame, says, If person comes to us looking for a job, we make sure they know how to smile. 4 It is the small things that make people feel welcome. Sullivans seem to be weakness here too in the service department. When greeting the customer, there must be a smile, it must be sincere and there must be eye contact. 5In Walts time, he made everyone welcome in the front office and had little time for the service area. This showed. It was worn and fatty. The customers were interrupted by ringing phones while waiting for their car reports to be written. Rick Obert was crustlike and argumentative. The service department people feel uncomfortable bringing people over to the service ba ys so that does not seem hospitable. There was a man in a confrontation over his service so that certainly lacks hospitality and should have been dealt with immediately. holding People expect that their possessions would be riskless while being kept by the service provider. The customer here would hope that their car is uninjured while on the premises for the service and when not being worked on by the service people, that it would be parked in a safe place and manner. A perception here could be that Sullivans is lacking here. While there is no direct evidence, the fact the grammatical construction was old and greasy and the service writers room was cramped with paint peeling might induce customers to believe there is a lack of safekeeping in the department.Exceptions These are services that fall outside the normal service. We are told that the scheduling is inconvenient and service hours are too. Here exceptions should be made. There does not seem to be an atmosphere of maki ng the customer satisfied. It seems as if Walts approximation of not bothering with the service department has grown. There does not seem to be an ethic of problem solving. I felt from reading the piece it was a case of take it or leave it. There also seems to be no way of handling complaints. The man who Was shouting at the end had issues of .. three visitsservice stinkswho s in charge. This should have been dealt with quickly in a hospitable manner. Advice On Marketing Mix Carol has a background that could be very useful in transaction with this. She has a bachelors degree in economics, an MBA degree and is involved in health care management. She worked with her father so she has the skills and experience to deal with this. The 7 Ps are Product, Place, Promotion, determine, Physical purlieu, Process & People. I will look at these individually and see how Carol can mix them to help improve her situation. Product The product in this case is the actual car service.This is the c ore of their offering and it is essential that this is a safe, reliable product. The customer has to be satisfied that the service is of quality. They could give the customer some confidence by making sure that they are introduced to a member of service team who can answer any questions or worries they might have about the service. Customers did worry about the product. They worried about how much the service might cost, how long it took, how did the warranty sit, etc. These are basic parts to the product that must be addressed by Carol. Place The place of Sullivans car sales appears to be of no concern.It is on an crossbreeding of a busy urban highway, with many new developments near by. In 1996 he bought the current point and developed it into what it is now. The place seems to be cognize as the teach says everyone seemed to know Walt. But the worry from Carols point of view for the service department is that this area cannot be seen from the road. So people looking for servi ces and who may not be as familiar with Sullivans could easily pass by. On top of that the create looks old and greasy. Promotion As far as I can see from the study, the only promotion that takes place is on site promotion.The garage is decked out with bunting, flags and banners that say Lets Make A Deal. This is an area that she could easily develop. She could offer a free service with a car sold. She could also make appointments in advance by working out the customers average mileage and schedule an appointment like a dental practitioner would. She could manage supply and demand better by offering discounts for services on days she finds are quiet. She has the academic background for this as well as her medical and family business experience. Price In this case study we are not told that the price is affecting the number of customers that avail of it.Price is often the most thing that will make customers decide where to buy so Carol could look at this. Where there is an issue i s the explanation of the work, how much it will cost and will it work on first attempt and not be a recurring cost. Physical Environment Judging from the description of the garage, the physical environment of the service area leaves a lot to be desired. Firstly, the service area is hidden behind the showroom. veritable(a) though the equipment is modern, the building is old and greasy. The service writers work in a cramped room with peeling paint and the customers have to stand and wait while orders are being written up.This seems like an old title office plan and not acceptable in modern day car dealing. The study has told how stressed and bothered customers are when in the building so the physical environment should be made pleasant to help calm the clients. Process The process here needs an overhaul. Customers find the order taking slow and it can be interrupted easily by the phone ringing. She must computerise it immediately. The customer leaves the car and collects it later. This is fine but the service hours are inconvenient along with the scheduling so the whole process is a trauma for the customer.She needs to implement an evaluation formation that she can monitor the quality of service and maybe get the staff to explain the nature of service. She needs to put a new process in place that will allows the car to be dropped off and have a convenient entrance, instead of a side door of a greasy building and then be met with a smiling service writer who will schedule a service that is convenient. People This is a very weak area for Carol. The survey results show that the people served by Carol and her sister were much more satisfied. The customers reported that interpersonal variables were poor.For example, civility and understanding customer problems rated badly. The service manager was said to be gruff and argumentative with customers. This has to be addressed. When people are dealing with a possession as personal as a car, the dealer has to be poli te, patient of and understanding. Larry Winters is vital here. He has been leading salesman and has shown strong management capabilities. She also needs to employ more mechanics to utilise the equipment and have the service department working to capacity. Conclusion I think Carol has the skills to turn her business around. She is educated and has experience in her own business.She has the turnover of people advance through the business so if she uses her know how, I believe she will succeed. 1 Essentials of Marketing, Charles W. Lamb, Joseph F. Hair, Carl McDaniel, 2011 2 Essentials of Marketing, Charles W. Lamb, Joseph F. Hair, Carl McDaniel, 2011 3 Essentials of Marketing, Charles W. Lamb, Joseph F. Hair, Carl McDaniel, 2011 4 Crowning The Customer, How To Become Customer Driven, Feargal Quinn, O Brien Press, 1992 5 Mechanization Takes Command, Organizations As Machines, Gareth Morgan Images Of Organization, Sage Publications, 1986.

Learning Expirience

eruditeness Experience PSY/103 Learning Experience Experience can shape our behavior and personality. More oer our interprets contribute to our development over fourth dimension. Learning affect occurs when we experience attitude that have negative or lordly effect on us. In this essay I forget briefly describe my personal study experience I will also define the concept of learning, and will provide analysis of what I have wise(p) from this experience. In entree my essay will include the analysis and application of classical and operant conditioning as well as cognitive- social learning.My Experience either persons identity is formed by the various roles that they action in the world. In fact becoming a mother is iodine more such role and it has psychological implications. Four month ago I became a mother to a wonderful, my low gear thwart boy. The experience of giving birth, as well as being home with a new-madeborn for the first few weeks was overwhelming, painful, and emotionally tiring. I am 25 years old and was so exciting to becoming a mother, that when my son was born for the first few weeks I have go through anxiety, stress, low gear, fear and even anger.It has been almost 4 month and my ball up is my life, I cannot imagine how I was getting frustrated and sense all those things when my baby is my joy. Today I am still tired, and stressed, heretofore anger and depression is g ace. I have learned from this experience that I need to acquiesce the change in my life, and avoid becoming frustrated. Being prepared for things to be different could have prepared me to deal with situation differently. Also positive attitude should have been my best ally instead of being hydrophobic and having negative thoughts.At last I have learned from this experience that I need to try to develop a new and balanced life-style that takes into consideration all areas of my new life. Learning Learning is the process whereby experience is created throug h the transformation of experience (David A. Kolb, 1984). As we learn, we alter the way we compass our environment, the way we interpret the incoming stimuli, and therefore the way we interact, or convey (Carpenter & Huffman, 2012). Learning through Classical condition One of the best- spotn characteristics of behavioral learning theory is classical conditioning.Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a course occurring stimulus (Carpenter & Huffman, 2012). There are basic principles of classical conditioning process. Such as the unconditioned stimulus (UC) and unconditioned reply (UR), as well as conditioned stimulus (CS) and conditioned response (CR) (Carpenter & Huffman, 2012). The unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response (The propositional nature of tender associative learning, 2009).For example, baby crying make me feel sad and frustrate d, and baby smiling made me feel loved, happy and positive. For instance, when I saw my bay for the first time the feeling of pain was simply gone. As I spend those first weeks with my baby although I have had mood swings and feeling of anger sometimes, however every time I looked at my baby I naturally felt better and calmer. The unconditioned response is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus. For example, feel of love in response to my baby smile is unconditioned stimulus.The conditioned stimulus is previously so-so(p) stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response (The propositional nature of human associative learning, 2009). For example, when my baby cried I felt frustration and in the same time my husband was try to explain me something therefrom my husband voice would be conditioned stimulus. Although the grave of my husband voice is unrelated to my babys cry and feeling of frustration, if the sound of his voice was paired multiple times with the babys cry, the sound would eventually trigger the conditioned response.The conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. For instance, feeling frustrated when I hear my husband talking to me. In my view classical conditioning is a useful technique that can be applied by creating a positive environment to help people to overcome anxiety, fear and frustration. For example, a situation like my babys crying with pleasant surroundings would have helped me to learn new associations. Instead of feeling anxious, frustrated and hot in that situation, I learn to stay relax and calm (Carpenter & Huffman, 2012).Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is a technique of learning that happens through rewards and punishments for behavior. by means of operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior (The propo sitional nature of human associative learning, 2009). The elimination of an undesirable outcome can be used to decrease or keep back undesirable behavior. Feeling frustrated, being angry with situation simply take to more stress and created more problems for myself emotionally and physically.Positive reinforcement Getting to know my baby, his first smile and lough created a positive and happy environment thus increasing my positive behavior. To conclude learning process revolves around human life. People learn something new every single day, thus creating new experiences and knowledge. Self-development and growth naturally occurs through learning. References WILEY PLUS Carpenter, S. and Huffman, K. (2010). Visualizing Psychology (2nd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ Wiley The Propositional spirit of Human Associative Learning (2009, fall). BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES, (32), 183-246. doi10. 1017/S0140525X09000855

Application of Statistical Concepts in the Determination

Experiment 1 APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL CONCEPTS IN THE DETERMINATION OF tilt VARIATION IN SAMPLES LEE, Hyun Sik Chem 26. 1 WFV/WFQR1 - Nov. 23, 2012 A skillful researcher aims to terminate his study with a precise and accurate result. Precision refers to the tight-fittingness of the value when some quantity is measured several times while truth refers to the closeness of the finalise to the true value. The tool he utilizes to prevent errors in clearcutness and trueness is called statistics.In order to become familiar to this tactic, the investigate aims to dish up the researchers become functiond to the concepts of statistical analysis by accurately meter the loads of ten (10) Philippine 25-centavo coins using the analytical balance, via the weighing by struggle of opinion method. Then, the obtained selective information divided into two groups and be manipulated to give statistical signifi cigargonttece, by performing the Dixons Q-test, and solving for the cockeyed, specimen disagreement, sexual congress received difference of opinion, ladder, relation range, and confidence limitall at 95% confidence level.Finally, the results be analyzed amidst the two information behaves in order to catch out the reliability and use of distributively statistical function. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This simple experiment only involved the weighing of ten 25-centavo coins that ar circulating at the time of the experiment. In order to practice calculating for and validating accuracy and precision of the results, the coins were chosen stochasticly and without any restrictions. This would give a haphazard set of data which would be useful, as a statistical data is best given up in a shift with multiple random samples.Following the directions in the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Manual, the coins were placed on a soak up glass, using forceps to ensure stability. Each was weighed according to the weighing by resistence method. The weighing by difference method is used when a series of samples of similar size atomic number 18 weighed altogether, and is recommended when the sample needed should be protected from unnecessary atmosphere exposure, such as in the case of hygroscopic materials. Also, it is used to minimize the chance of having a systematic error, which is a constant error applied to the true weight of the object by some problems with the weighing equipment.The technique is performed with a container with the sample, in this experiment a watch glass with the coins, and a t atomic number 18d balance, in this case an analytical balance. The cognitive process is simple place the watch glass and the coins inside the analytical balance, defend ON TARE to re-zero the display, take the watch glass out, remove a coin, then put the remaining coins back in along with the watch glass. Then, the balance should give a negative reading, which is subtracted from the original 0. 0000g (TARED) to give the weight of the last c oin. The procedure is repeated until the weights of all the coins are measured and recorded.The weights of the coins are presented in table 1, as these raw data are zippy in presenting the results of this experiment. Table 1. Weights of 25-centavo coins measured using the weighing by difference method Sample No. Weight, g 1 3. 6072 information peck 2 Data effect 1 2 3. 7549 3 3. 6002 4 3. 5881 5 3. 5944 6 3. 5574 7 3. 5669 8 3. 5919 9 3. 5759 10 3. 6485 origin that the data are classified into two groups, Data circumscribe 1 which includes samples keep downed 16 and Data Set 2 which includes samples hailed 110.Since the number of samples is limited to 10, the Dixons Q-test was performed at 95% confidence level in order to look for outliers in each(prenominal) data set. The decision to use the Q-test despite the fact that there were only a few, limited number of samples and to use the confidence level of 95% was carried out as undertake in the Laboratory Manu al. Signifi fuelce of Q-test The Dixons Q-test aims to identify and reject outliers, value that are unusually high or low and consequently differ considerably from the majority and thus may be omitted from the calculations and usages in the trunk of data.The Dixons Q-test should be performed, since a value that is extreme compared to the rest can bring inaccurate results that go against the estimated limits set by other calculations and thus affect the conclusion. This test allows us to examine if one (and only one) card from a small set of replicate observations (typically 3 to 10) can be legitimately jilted or not. The outlier is classified objectively, by calculating for the surmise outlier, Qexperimental, Qexp, and comparability it with the tabulated Qtab. Qexp is determined by Qexp equation (1). Qexp=Xq-XnR (1)Where Xq is the suspected value, Xn is the value ambient to Xq, and R is the range, which is given by the highest data value subtracted by the utmost data value. R =Xhighest-Xlowest (2) If the obtained Qexp is make to be greater than Qtab, the outlier can be rejected. In the experiment, the sample calculation for Data Set 1 is given below Qexp=Xq-XnR=3. 7549-3. 60723. 7549-3. 5574=0. 14770. 1975=0. 74785 Since Qtab for the experiment is set as 0. 625 for 6 samples at 95% confidence level, QexpQtab. Thus, the suspected value 3. 7549 is rejected in the calculations for Data Set 1.The same process was done for the lowest value of Data Set 1 and the value for Data Set 2, and the values were accepted and allow for be used for further calculations. This is shown in table 2. (Refer to Appendix for enough calculations. ) Table 2. Results of Dixons Q-Test Data Set Suspect Values Qtab Qexp ratiocination 1 3. 7549 0. 625 0. 74785 Rejected 3. 5574 0. 625 0. 15544 Accepted 2 3. 7549 0. 466 0. 53873 Accepted 3. 5574 0. 466 0. 048101 Accepted The statistical values were then computed for the two data sets, and were compared to relate the significance o f each form of statistical functions.The values required to be leadd are the following mean, standard deviation, relative standard deviation (in ppt), range, relative range (in ppt), and confidence limits (at 95% confidence level). Significance of the mean and standard deviation The mean is used to locate the center of distribution in a set of values 2. By calculating for the average value of the data set, it can be determined whether the set of data obtained is close to each other or is close to the theoretical value. Thus, both accuracy and precision may be determined with the mean, coupled with other statistical references.In the experiment, the mean was calculated using equation (3). The sample calculation used the data from Data Set 1, which had 5 samples after the outlier was rejected via the Q-test. X=i=1nXi=X1+X2+X3+Xnn 3 =(3. 6072+3. 6002+3. 5881+3. 5944+3. 5574)5=3. 5895 Mean is represented by X, the data values by X, and the number of samples by n. It can be observed tha t the mean and then shows the precision of the accumulated values, as all the values are close to each other and the mean. The standard deviation, on the other hand, is a relative measure of precision of the values.It shows how much the values spread out from the mean. A smaller standard deviation would show that the values are comparatively closer to the mean, and a bigger one would show that the values are spread out to a greater extent. This does not determine the validity of the experimented values. Instead, it is used to calculate further statistical measures to validate the data. The equation (4) was used to calculate the standard deviation, where s represents standard deviation, and the rest are known from the mean. The data set used is the same as the mean. s=1n-1i=1nXi-X2 4 =15-13. 072-3. 58952+3. 6002-3. 58952+3. 5881-3. 58952+3. 5944-3. 58952+3. 5574-3. 58952 =0. 019262 Mean and standard deviations by themselves are relatively poor indicators of the accuracy and precisio n of the data. These are manipulated to give clearer views on the data. One of the measures of precision is the relative standard deviation. RSD=sX? yardppt (5) =0. 0192623. 5895? 1000=5. 3664 The relative standard deviation is a useful way of determine the precision of the data compared to other sets of data, as the ratio would be a good way of differentiating the two.This will be expounded further. Range is easily found with equation (2) to give the value of 0. 0498, taking note that the highest value was rejected via the Q-test. R=3. 6072-3. 5574=0. 0498 The relative range is also a way of comparison sets of data, just like the relative standard deviation. Again, it will be discussed when comparing the values from data sets 1 and 2. RR=RX? 1000ppt (6) =0. 04983. 5895? 1000=13. 874 Significance of the confidence breakup The confidence interval is used to give the range at which a given estimate may be deemed reliable.It gives the interval in which the state mean is to be inclu ded in. The boundaries of the interval are called confidence limits, and are calculated by equation (7). Confidence limit=Xtsn 7 =3. 58952. 780. 0192625 =3. 58950. 023948 Using the confidence limit and the interval, one can easily determine the value that can be estimated if the same experiment was performed. The confidence limit shows that there is a 95% confidence that the true mean lies between the values of 3. 5656 and 3. 6134. Difference between Data Set 1 and Data Set 2The statistical values computed from the two data sets are place below in table 3. Table 3. Reported values for data sets 1 and 2 Data Set Mean Standard diversionary attack Relative SD Range Relative Range Confidence Limts 1 3. 5895 0. 019262 5. 3664 0. 0498 13. 874 3. 58950. 023948 2 3. 6085 0. 057153 15. 838 0. 1975 54. 731 3. 60850. 040846 The two data differ in all the components, but whats important are the relative standard deviations and the relative range. The standard deviation and the relative range , along with the confidence limits went up from data set 1 to 2.This shows that the data became less precise as more values were added, which is rule since one cannot always expect perfect results from every trials. The relative values all show the precision of the data from each otherthe glare the number, the more precise they are. However, since the number of elements increased as the relative values increased as well, we can say that data set 1 is more precise but it isnt accurate, since the sample population is quite limited. Statistical values have been computed and analyzed so that when further, more serious research arises, the researchers will be able to accomplish them without problems.These values are significant in determining the accuracy of the experiment. For example in this experiment, the actual weight of 25 centavo coins is found to be 3. 6g for brass plated steel coins minted from 2004. It can be deduced that the majority of the coins used are indeed from that value, and that the mean became more accurate to the true value as more samples were used. REFERENCES Silberberg, M. S. (2010). Principles of general interpersonal chemistry (2nd ed. ). New York, NY McGraw-Hill Jeffery, G. H. , Bassett, J. , Mendham, J. , & Denney, R. C. (1989).Vogels textbook of quantitative chemical analysis (5th ed. ). groovy Britain Bath Press, Avon http//www. bsp. gov. ph/bspnotes/banknotes_coin. asp. Accessed Nov. 21, 2012. Appendix Working Calculations Q-test Data Set 1 (Highest) Qexp=3. 7531-3. 69210. 1920=0. 3177 0. 3177