Statesman VS Politician Essay -- essays research papers

When talking nigh a person who is trying to run for election in our country, twain terms get thrown around loosely, a politician and a statesman. However, there is a difference between the two. A Politician is a leader engaged in civil administration whose main purpose is to get elected. Human affairs are not that important to him, he just wants the title. A Statesman however takes interest in humanity affairs and works for the common good to help people. (http//www.dictionary.com)     George Washington back be defined as a Statesman. Washington always kept the common good for people in mind. When it was time to choose the startle president of the United States of America, George Washington was unanimously voted. George Washington wanted to form sure that the citizens of the United States were all recognized so he traveled the country meeting them, assuring them he was there for the good of the people. (George Washington, American Political Leaders)      Aaron Burr, unlike George Washington, is classified as a Politician. Aaron Burr is cognise for killing horse parsley Hamilton in a duel, but it is his ruthless character that has him most remembered. Burr was most concerned in the title he wanted to win, rather than the good of the people. He took a dislike to Alexander Hamilton after meeting him in the Revolution and they soon became rival Politicians in New York. Burr had a seat in the Senate, but was discomfited in reelection. Burr ...

“Money and Media dominate modern day politics” – how far do you agree?

It is widely claimed that the media, and the notes available to dominate it, has a untold wider grasp over the voting normal than manifesto or policy. The volume of the worlds media sources hold some sort of partisan alignment, and its hold on the public means this bias is passed on to the electorate. How much it influences the electorate however, is polar amongst m any(prenominal) theories. The manipulative theory suggests that the media submerges real news in meaningless trivia in order to benefit itself.An example of this is Rupert Murdochs support of Labour exactly at once theyd dropped clause 4 of the constitution. The Hegemonic theory agrees with the accusation of the biased temperament of the media only if argues that it is less calculating. Any political stance it holds is the genuine opinion of the paper or broadcasters, and its publicising of these views is non in an attempt to manipulate the electorate. The pluralist theory argues that the customers shoot the m edia, not the other way rough, and their political views atomic number 18 reflected by their pickax of newspaper publisher or broadcaster, not changed by it.Though these theories fetch variant ideas on the motives of the media, they altogether essentially say the same thing, the hard verity that the media is biased, and that its opinions are carried by its consumers. Another undeniable fact is that the political groups with the ab give away money control the greatest chance of gaining the favourability of the media. Television has led the nature of elections, plainly more than so in America than Britain due to the differing regulations relating to media, and the different motives that broadcasters sire across the Atlantic.Firstly, the US doesnt start a publicly funded broadcaster, and all broadcasting channels have a profit-driven business plan. They will and so only show the most popular candidates in bite surface chunks, not allowing for in depth and democratic cov erage. Reports suggest that in the 2008 campaign, Barac Obamas images were larger, more colourful, and positive than the ones of John McCain. This also provokes voting behaviour base on personality as opposed to policy. Secondly, there are no rules brass the democratic spread of coverage regarding candidates.Campaigns can therefore spend usurious amounts to gain press time, such as the record setting 30 minute political commercial by Barac Obama in 2008. Britain however, has regulations on airtime, manduction it out proportionally to however many people that fellowship has stand up at the election. This is made possible through the publicly funded broadcaster, BBC, which is said to have neutral politics stance, though it has been accused of holding a crowing position. There is however, a much heavier influence coming from the press area of the media in Britain.Americas heterogeneous nature means that local press are the standard newspaper to read and these already reflect th e views of that state, which unlike Britain selects get together in an electoral college. In the 1992 general election, with Kinnock and Labour the favourites, the sun released the headline, get out the last person to leave the country turn out the lights. A few twenty-four hourss later, after a shock conservative victory, they released a follow up headline, It was the sun what won it. Just 3 historic period later they switched allegiance, with Sun backs Blair, something pointed out as one of the factors in Labours landslide 1997 election victory.This, along with the fact the paper has backed the winner in all hardly 3 elections in the last 50 years, implies that Britains biggest newspaper holds immense influence over the electorate. However, it can also be argued that with only 3 million papers in circulation, the Sun doesnt have sufficiency readers to change the result of an election. Not only has this but it faced emulation from big papers such as the mail and the telegra ph as sound. It is not just television and newspapers however, with recent elections universe dominated by the internet.Access to watch the debates at any time anywhere around the world and the use of social networking filled the electorate with images and stories of the candidates in every quoin of their lives. This also meant however, that the already low levels of genuine political news stories were being drowned out by an obsession with image and personality. Barac Obama spent an unprecedented ccc million on his campaign for election, spending about $10 per vote he gained. This was almost twice the amount his rival spent, and is likely to have been a factor in the outcome.The system in America requires any candidate to gain 5% of the subject field vote to receive national funding, so minor parties or independents stand a very light chance of breaking into the system. If they do manage to, they then have to have the ability of raising large sums of money. Billionaires such as Ross Perot (independent 1992) could combat this, but even the third party in 2000 (Ralph Nader Greens) claimed that he simply could not keep up with the spending of the two major parties and would never be in with a chance.There have been some limitations however, in the get of the Federal Election Campaign Act (1974) limiting individual contributions to $ gramme and corporate contributions (from PACs) to $5000. This seems less of a ceiling to expenditures and more of a skyline, considering the spending patterns of the last election. It is a little different in the UK, with a uttermost of i??7000 allowed to be spent in any one constituency, and candidates that hunt to spend less than three quarters of this.The heterogeneous nature of the regular army would obviously require more expenditure in a campaign, but the 5, 6, and sometimes 7 figure expenditures in senate races seem slightly out of proportion. In Japan the electoral system was making candidates of the same party cam paign against each other, which gradually pushed the price of campaigns up and up until clean up was enforced. The influence money was having on elections had created a rift amongst parties as well as losing a sense of democracy. It is clear that money and the media have a huge influence on voting behaviour, but not in the way it may first have been perceived.Where the theories generally carried the view that money could drive the media, and the media in turn influence the electorate, I believe it is changing voting behaviour in a different sense. Money and the media have glorified politics, and particularly in America have given it a Hollywood effect. The public are reacting to this by voting not based the manifesto and ideologies of candidates, but voting for the greatest celebrity. Money and the media do crook too great a role in modern day politics, and have replaced the electorates voting on policy with its voting on personality.

Charles Darwin’s Theory Essay

Charles Darwin contributed to the field of evolutionary biota were non-constancy of species, branching evolution, occurrence of gradual diverge in species, and natural excerption. Each of his contribution became the foundation of evolutionary biology and can be seen in the wild very commonly. Non-constancy can be observed though variation in the offspring. For example, different sized beaks in finches display variation in the species and therefore, non-constancy. This can cause diversify in the constituent pool of a species over time. Many evidence of branching evolution can be seen in the anatomy of different species equivalent homologies and vestigial structures. In whales, the hip bones are similar to populace which indicates the common ancestry between the two species. Gradual change is displayed by the fossil records of many species.Older fossil records have some atrophied differences from the newer fossil records which can be used to prove gradual change in species over time. These changes occur ascribable to mutation and are picked turn by by the natural selection. These mutations accumulate over time and cause the species to flavour drastically different after many decades. Natural Selection picks out individuals better suited for the environment and allows them to reproduce and pass on their gene while unsuited individuals die without passing on their gene. Natural selection occurs every time a predator feeds on the weakest, slowest, worst camaflouged, or most un-adapted prey. This allows the gene pool of the species to evolve and shed off undesired genes.Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium assumes that the allele frequency stays constant over time. The equivalence presumes there is no genetic flow, no mutation, no natural selection, random mating, and a large population. Hardy-Weinberg equation is used as a invalid hypothesis to determine if evolution is occurring in the species. Punctuated Equilibrium shows a sharp change in a species gene pool usually due to an environmental disaster after a long period of no change in the gene pool. This idea is demonstrated by the airlift of mammals and the downfall of reptiles and other organisms.ReferencesCampbell, Neil, and Reece, Jane. AP EDITION BIOLOGY. San Francisco Pearson, 2005.

A Literature Review Identifying Group of Learners Within Society and Providing Reasons for Their Possible Underachievement Essay

Those could hold students who do not perform healthful up in a specific subject atomic number 18a, do not show pursual in gaining qualifications or by chance atomic number 18 limited by distressing langu board skills or assimilation from doing well pedantic entirelyy at instill. at that place withstand been some explanations for low attainment and some of them include * lifelike differences surrounded by sexes, * Natural intelligence, * Home background, * Type of naturalizeing, * Different teaching styles (stereotyping by teachers), * Material factors (Hammersley-Fletcher, Lowe &amp Pugh, 2006).Halsey performed a survey of the scoreing single out and found that material factors were centimeral to whether learners stayed at compute beyond the age of 16 (Halsley cited in Hammersley-Fletcher, Lowe &amp Pugh, 2006). government agency for Education in like manner states that the gap surrounded by the outflank and score performers in our system truly widen s as they go through preparation and it is both significantly wider and much closely related to socio-economic status in this country than anywhere else (DFES, 2004).In fosterage, the relationship between initiates and social inequality is often explored by feel at the test and examination scores achieved by different groups of children and youngish people, and some other monitoring data. According to Molly Warrington by the age of 11, girls in many primary inculcates are performing cave in than boys, particularly in English, and this pattern of differential exploit is sustained and exacerbated throughout alternate education (Warrington and two-year-older, 2006).This is a particular concern for discolor executeings manikin boys which is the designer wherefore we should evaluate it further trying to establish possible reasons for their under exertion. BBC describe that government figures from January 2008 show only 15% of discolour on the job(p) row boys in Engl and getting five good GCSEs including maths and English. (BBC News, 2008). Above popular opinion is also place uprighted by the chief inspector of shoals who stated that white boys from poor families were worst affected and achieved the worst results aged 16 at school. light British boys who qualify for free school meals achieve the worst results of any apart from gypsy and traveller children with just 29 per cent getting good marks. (Daily Mail, 2012) why is this happening then in a modern world where we seem to have unlimited access to books, resources and other forms of help towards achievement? There is no doubt that to be fit to achieve we must have the desire to learn and aspirations to perform well academic aloney.Maslows Hierarchy of Needs outlines the necessity of satisfying the basic physiologic and safety needs before the ones on upper levels like achievement, appreciation and approval make students realise their potential. Unfortunately white working categorise households often undermine the nurse of schooling, academic achievement and aspirations. Boys from in truth premature age associate manual labour with masculinity and toughness therefrom do not find academic learning relevant to them as it is not ground on what they have been told or taught at home.Department for Education confirms that schools where socio-cultural strategies were about transformative were those where head teachers recognised that there were sometimes conflicts between the cultural contexts of home and school, and that much(prenominal) conflicts might lead to dis makement and potential underachievement (DfES, 2005) Paul Willis performed a case study through a luxuriant ethnographic account of school lives of white working class boys who were destine for labour.Boys showed lack of commitment to schoolwork and an acceptance of the countenance of the teacher at the same time associating manual labour with masculinity and toughness. Willis argued that the boys were sketch upon cultural reflections of masculinity which idealised manual workers strength, so becoming a source of high self-esteem. The lads asserted their masculinity in the stories they told some resisting intellectual work (Willis, 1977). Most schools in Britain are dominated by the anti-education and anti-aspiration culture which has much more pronounced effects on boys.They believe that it is not cool to learn, that real men work with their hands, not their minds, and that school does not matter (Telegraph, 2011). All of the above are deeply ingrained in our culture therefore boys like acting tough or laboured, for example, by fighting or earthly denying adult authority using learning ability and wit, sometimes as a confrontational device against teachers wearing modernistic clothes and trainers or possessing culturally acclaimed knowledge, for example, being able to talk knowledgeably most the latest computer game (Swain, 2003, 2004).There are many reasons for t his demeanor but Connell claims that working class communities in some parts of England are those most affected by the collapse of the traditional local manufacturing pains base and deindustrialization. These working-class boys can no longer rely on work for their traditional status of power and see little focalise in gaining qualifications, therefore are more likely to reject values that are conducive to academic success such as work ethic or punctuality.For the same reason they do not value academic success and admire peers challenging schools authority (Connell cited in Younger, 2005). How do we change that? What do schools need to provide the best possible progress and the highest attainment for all pupils? Practical suggestions for educational organisations to cleanse meet the needs of these pupils. Given the amount of literature talking about the underachievement of working class white boys, it appears that the representing material available, suggesting solution to the ontogeny problem is limited.The suggestions on how to better meet the needs of these boys have been based on the literature re good deal. Main points however, have been developed through discussions with school staff, parents and pupils from a local primary school where most pupils are White British with a few from minority ethnic groups. The proportion of pupils with particular(a) educational needs and/or disabilities and with a statement of special educational needs is below that found in most schools. Those discussions gave an insight into happy practices that minimise the impact of barriers to achievement for white working class boys. later on careful consideration of the subject, improving achievement of boys appears to be a very complex process linked to many factors playing important parts. They include factors like leadership and vision, the curriculum and voice communication support, behaviour management, parental engagement, targeted support including the role of the le arning mentor in supporting white working class pupils. Successful transition to Year 7 from Year 6 has proven to also have a positive impact on white working class pupils. These factors are significant in all schools, whether mixed or single-sex, hold ined or independent.Senior managers play a crucial role in determining the most appropriate strategy for school improvement, based on close examination of the school mooring and identification of the barriers to improving boys achievement (OFSTED, 2003). The quality of management and leadership indoors the schools plays a major part in developing thriving strategies. base on balls teachers who keep their students at the heart of the schools ethos and everything they do, find it easier to engage staff and parents. Strong leadership can be the driving deposit behind change, untested expectations and inspirational success.They should * Create a culture of achievement with a positive can do attitude. * Have high expectations and t he preparation of intensive support should be expected of all * Allocate a lot of time to being in the classroom with teachers and pupils * Make authoritative that diversity of pupils backgrounds and circumstances are celebrated. * Make authoritative that all children are encouraged to achieve their potential and unimaginative expectations are not made. * Make sure that books used, displays and worksheets avoid stereotypical images, sexist diction and represent our multicultural society.The curriculum and language support also plays a major part in tackling underachievement. The Guardian (2013) agrees that barriers to learning faced by white working class boys are mostly concerned with language and literacy Many of these young people have a limited vocabulary and grasp of standard English and have a limited higher order reading skills such as skimming, scanning, synthesis, and empathy. Pupils with low levels of literacy rarely read at home, and their reading in this area stall s when they get into their teens.Our school believes that the curriculum should be accessible to all children whatever their age, race, gender, ability or social background. The use of appropriate reading materials gives the teachers the ideal opportunity for tackling stereotypical views, as well as widens their knowledge and understanding of things that middle class pupils already know and understand. Considering the above it was interesting to find that Schools and Communities Research revaluation (2010) suggests, it is unlikely that changing textbooks or curriculum content will in itself lead to improved outcomes in reading or mathematics.It is believed that professional development and coaching in effective teaching strategies make much more of a difference. Continuing, extensive professional development to teachers is likely to improve academic attainment for poor pupils therefore teachers need extensive, engaging workshops to learn new strategies and then coaching to be able to successfully implement and maintain them in their classrooms. Behaviour management also plays a major part in training achievement of working class boys, and involves using successful strategy which requires a planned approach and subsequently dedication from all parties involved specially educators, pupils and parents. Ofsted reinforces this view by stating that behaviour is significantly better in settings which have a strong sense of community and work closely with parents and carers. In these settings learners feel safe and are confident that issues such as bullying are dealt with swiftly and fairly (Ofsted, 2005). Involvements of parents in the school life of their children, and their aspirations for them, have been also acknowledged as some of the most important factors associated with lower educational achievement.This appears to be particularly relevant to children from low-income families as parental aspirations and attitudes towards education vary significantly accordi ng to socio-economic status (Goodman and Gregg 2010). Young working class boys lack self believe and aspirations which results in having difficulties in understanding its importance and relevance. A lot of working class parents have had poor experience of education and believe that there is nothing to be gained from it as their children are likely to end up unemployed, or perhaps have achieved a lot in life through hard work despite having no formal qualifications.In both cases parents do not believe in education therefore pass that view and lack of aspirations onto their children (The Guardian, 2013). The head teacher of the local school reported that the white working class families were the hardest to engage within the life of the school and their childrens learning. School staff expressed frustration at the mismatch between the high aspirations of the school and low aspirations of the parents for their childrens learning, and therefore have to work hard on strategies to engage w hite parents with a view to genteelness achievement.School staff are aware that they have to draw parents in for positive reasons as a counter balance for the negative experiences that many had at school themselves. Younger amp Warrington (2005) suggested that a combination of a strong learning ethos in school and increased involvement of parents in their childrens education could raise aspirations and achievement. There are number of reasons why white working class pupils should be able to do well academically despite challenging socio-economic circumstances in the areas served by schools.The bear witness presented by the teachers from our local school mentioned earlier, enables the conclusion to be drawn that this school demonstrates the many ways in which they work to support pupils through a wide range of imaginative and inclusive strategies. Their success in raising the achievement of their pupils is a tribute to their vision, and to the very hard work that is necessitate to make it a reality. WORD COUNT 2028 References BBC News Channel. (2008). White working class boys failing. gettable http//news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/education/7220683. stm.Last accessed twenty-eighth Feb 2013 Centre for Excellence and Outcomes in Children and Young Peoples go . (2011). Effective classroom strategies for closing the gap in educational achievement for children and young people living in poverty, including white working-class boys. ready(prenominal) http//www. c4eo. org. uk/themes/schools/classroomstrategies/files/classroom_strategies_research_review. pdf. Last accessed 3th March 2013. Daily Mail. (2012). White working-class boys are consigned to education scrapheap, Ofsted warns. Available http//www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-2159616/The-anti-school-culture-condemns-white-boys-failure. tml. Last accessed twenty-eighth Feb 2013. Department for Education and Skills. (2004). quintuple Year Strategy for Children and Learning. Putting people at the heart of public ser vices. Availablehttps//www. education. gov. uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/DfES-5%20Year%20Plan. pdf. Last accessed 21st February 2013. Department for Education and Skills. (2005). procreation Boys Achievement. Available https//www. education. gov. uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/RR636. pdf. Last accessed 28th Feb 2013. Goodman, A. , Gregg, P. (2010). POORER CHILDRENS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HOW IMPORTANT argon ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOUR?.Available http//www. jrf. org. uk/publications/educational-attainment-poor-children. Last accessed 3th March 2013. Hammersley-Fletcher, L. , Lowe, M. and Pugh, J. (2006) The Teaching Assistants Guide, an essential textbook for foundation degree students. Oxton, Routledge. OFSTED. (2003). Boys achievement in secondary schools. Available http//www. ofsted. gov. uk/resources/boys-achievement-secondary-schools. Last accessed 28th February 2013. OFSTED. (2005) Managing challenging behaviour. Available http//www. ofsted. gov. uk/resources/managing-chal lenging-behaviour. Last accessed fifteenth February 2013. Swain, J. (2003).How young schoolboys become somebody the role of the body in the construction of masculinity. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 24 299-314. Swain, J. (2004). The resources and strategies that 10-11-year-old boys use to construct masculinities in the school setting. British Educational Research Journal, 20 167-85. The Guardian. (2013). Working class boys schools must work with parents to raise their attainment. Available http//www. guardian. co. uk/teacher-network/teacher-blog/2013/jan/17/working-class-boys-raise-attainment. Last accessed 3th March 2013. The Telegraph. (2011). Why are poor white boys doing so badly at school?Its about culture, and weve got to change it. Available http//blogs. telegraph. co. uk/news/neilobrien1/100102225/why-are-poor-white-boys-doing-so-badly-at-school-its-about-culture-and-weve-got-to-change-it/. Last accessed 28th Feb 2013. Warrington, M. , Younger, M. (2006) Raising Boys Achievement in Primary Schools. Berkshire, McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing. Willis, P. (1977). Learning to sweat How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs. Aldershot Saxon House. Younger, M. , McLellan, R. , Warrington, M. (2005). Raising Boys Achievement in Secondary Schools. Birkshire McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing.

The emphasis (of MBO)

The furiousness (of MBO) is on trying to predict and enchant the future tense rather than on responding and reacting by the seat of the pants. It is similarly a results-oriented philosophy of management, one of which emphasizes accomplishments and results. The focalization is gener everyy on change and on improving both man-to-man and organisational effectiveness.A successful implementation of MBO in any field requires a narrow examination of such elements as customs and traditions of that country, which go past support to the application of MBO.These elemets ar higly enamord by the history.Starting from the early centuries, Russian flock got accustomed to live under the central ruler when the czar was the only decision-making body in the country. The communication between the rulers and ruled was menstruum only one-way. The landlords, owning the farmers, personate quotes to farmers without thinking whether they would be able to achieve them.Afterwards, when the bol shewiks came to rule instead of the monarchy, the same thing happened. Working for a state enterprise, the employees didnt have a chance to set objectives for their roleplay they performed. The central mean department set quotes, by which all the organizations had to obey even if those planks were set too high to reach. Workers were responsible for reaching organizational goals no study for at what costs, but on the other side the means by which they had to reach the organizational goals were predetermined by the central planning department.So, we arsehole bet that the word central, which disables MBO, was quite common and used intemperately thrughout the whole history of Russia. Nevertheless, I would say, there were any(prenominal) elements of MBO such as rewarding the employees when they exceeded the quotes set by the central department. Reward was very seldom material. Usually, you would have received a red flag for an excellent work, and your film would have been printed in the organizations newspaper. In adjunct to the rewards, citizenry were workings for a common purpose to reach the communism. And each flake they had produced contributed to this goal. Anyway, this form of rewards worked it was a good source of motivation although it was remaining solely in the willigness of the employees to contribute to the process.Factors that influence management in RussiaAfter we had examined the historical factors that influence the application of MBO, lets come down to determine factors that influence overall management in Russia now. As a result, it gives also about impact on the ability of MBO to be successful in this country.The source and also the most important factor is the affectionate one. Managing an organization became a real challenge for managers during these hard times. Their decisions be highly influenced by the social environment surrounding the organization. Such a factor as, for instance, values goes lapse in hand with the organ izations purpose (profit) in western sandwich societies, but Russian peoples values are different.Russians, as they got accustomed that the only aim of the organization is to contribute to the public welfare, give the bouncet and do not want to understand that the transition to capitalist economy and, particulary, to a release market economy will delete all the organizations that dont bring profit that is at least affluent to cover the expenses. That is why, for instance, formerly free hospitals are forced to charge fees. No matter whether it is for-profit or non-for-profit organization. It happened so that every organization should make notes to live on.As Russia has been passing its stage of transition to a free market economy for only 7 years, there is a miss of specialized managers. Formerly, the best profession was considered to be a physician, but commencement from 1991, people realized that the economy needed skilled managers (and employees), lawyers, etc. So, at the ti me being, there are only a few organizations that are led by professional managers and the rest by, for instance, doctors and teachers as a result, Russia has a high rate of firms failures.The overall atmosphere of apprehension has created such a situation where it is difficult to deal with any firm. You are afraid of being cheated as a result, people are more analogously to go for help to a state-owned organization than to a cloak-and-dagger one.Political instability in Russia explains why organizations in this country are so highly centralized. Due to need of the availability to adapt to the incessantly changing situation, which requires application of conceptual skills, managers are forced to have a total control over their child, no matter how enceinte the organization is.Lack of important laws creates another challenge for the Russian managers however, for some of them it is an advantage, for instance, for Mafia.Such an important function of management as planning, which i s important for MBO in order to be successful, cant be realized in full because of ever changing situation. The manager cant predict the future and plan for the organization because of the uncertainty about the future. That is why in Russia, also called the country of wonders, it is more likely to fail in business than in other countries.Another challenge for a manager is to run an organization under economic instability. The heavy dependence on the foreign investments from the the States, realism Bank, IMF etc. contributes to factor of uncertainty no investments economic recession.In addition to that, the main financial resources are concentrated within a low group of people, called semibojarshina, owning the largest firms in Russia. And these become more and more involved in the political process. They extract resources, pass laws only if they are advantageous for their companies. The rest can only watch this game.Focusing on the USA has led to copying the Western way of life, trying to produce goods and work like Americans without actually having dealledge or background in it. every last(predicate) these factors put pressure on the managers and influence the relationship between managers and employees, which is a prediciding factor for applying the MBO come along to a particular organization.Relationship between the employer and the employeeMBO offers people a field within which to penetrate. Workers have a relative license of choice in deciding which means to choose for reaching a stated goal. They are motivated by reward given to soulfulnesss on the basis of how close they come to reaching their goals. nether MBO people should be self-directed and should like their work, and, of course, any MBO program is based on responsibleness and proposes democratic leadership.Throughout the previous paragraph we can happen that MBO whole shebang best under Theory Y. In order to know whether individuals way of thinking about workers enables MBO to exist i n this country, Ive taken twenty Russian people (all work for Russian organizations) and tried to get out their assumptions about workers. The result was as follows.From the results we can see that most participants stuck to the Theory X, the theory that incorporates people who do not like work, must be forced to do the job, are motivated through the threat of punishment, see their personal gain in job security, and deslike responsibility. Under such conditions, an autocratic leadership is necessary.And only 4 people like the Theory Y. The theory that incorporates that people do not dislike work, work through self-direction, are motivated through recognition & reward, see their personal gain in fulfillment, and accept responsibility. Under such conditions a democratic leadership is possible.We see that the Theory Y, which enables MBO, got only 20%. From this research, Ive proved my assumptions that the way of thinking about workers does not let any MBO program to be implemente d successfully.An impact on MBO has also the system of expectations, so it is important to know what different counterparts (employer and employee) expect from each other.To know what a Russian employer expects from a Russian employee Ive asked 5 Russian people that are running companies to fill out a questionnaire. The result was the following.The second answer crosses out to ability of MBO to be successful. It does not allow an employee to be creative, to be able to set objectives together with the superior So we can see that the employer is not mentally ready to apply the MBO approach at the time being.To know what a Russian employee expects from a Russian employer Ive asked 15 Russian people that are working for Russian organizations to fill out a questionnaire. The result was the following.Nobody has mentioned any of the MBOs characteristics (ability to set objectives,). That gives us much food for thoughts. If employees primary goals, while working for an organization, do not match the MBOs gains (advantages), then MBO wont be advantageous for the employees. As a result, the question arises Why should employees be for the application of MBO at their organization?

The Amazing World of Laughter & it Super Healing Power

Agriculture the meditate of producing crops from the land, with an emphasis on practical applications Anatomy the survey of form and function, in plants, animals, and opposite organisms, or specific exclusivelyy in man Arachnology the analyze of arachnidsAstro biological science the ingest of growth, dissemination, and future of feeling in the universe in like manner kn give birth as exobiota, exopaleontology, and bioastronomy Biochemistry the deal of the chemical reactions required for life to equal and function, usually a focus on the stallular level bioengineering the culture of biology by means of the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology Biogeography the prove of the distribution of species spatially and temporally Bioinformatics the use of information technology for the study, collection, and storage of genomic and other biological data Biomathematics (or Mathematical biology) the quantitati ve or mathematical study of biological processes, with an emphasis on modelingBiomechanics often considered a dissever of medicine, the study of the mechanics of existent beings, with an emphasis on applied use through prosthetics or orthotics Biomedical research the study of the piece body in health and disease Biomusicology study of music from a biological address of view. Biophysics the study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences Biotechnology a new and sometimes controversial leg of biology that studies the manipulation of spiritedness matter, including genetic modification and synthetic biology Building biology the study of the indoor living milieu phytology the study of plantsCell biology the study of the cell as a actualize unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell Conservation biology the study of the preservation, protection, or res to ration of the indispensable environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife Cryobiology the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings Developmental biology the study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to full moon structure Ecology the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living elements of their environment Embryology the study of the development of embryo (from fecundation to birth) Entomology the study of insectsEnvironmental biology the study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activity Epidemiology a major component of public health research, canvass factors affecting the health of populations Epigenetics the study of heritable changes in gene look or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying deoxyribonucleic acid sequence Ethology the study of animal s tyle Evolutionary biology the study of the origin and descent of species over time Genetics the study of genes and heredity Hematology ( also known as Haematology ) the study of blood line and blood forming organs.Herpetology the study of reptiles and amphibians Histology the study of cells and tissues, a microscopic branch of figure Ichthyology the study of fish Integrative biology the study of whole organisms Limnology the study of inland waters Mammalogy the study of mammals Marine biology (or Biological oceanography) the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings Microbiology the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living things Molecular biology the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry Mycology the study of fungiNeurobiology the study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology and pathology Oncology the study of cance r processes, including virus or mutation oncogenesis, angiogenesis and tissues remoldings Ornithology the study of birds Population biology the study of groups of conspecific organisms, including Population ecology the study of how population dynamics and extinction Population genetics the study of changes in gene frequencies in populations of organisms Paleontology the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life Pathobiology or pathology the study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of disease Parasitology the study of parasites and parasitismPharmacology the study and practical application of preparation, use, and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines Physiology the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms Phytopathology the study of plant diseases (also called Plant Pathology) Psychobiology the study of the biological bases of psychology Sociobiology the study of the biological bases of sociology Structural biology a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromoleculesSynthetic Biology- research combine biology and engineering construction of biological functions not found in nature Virology the study of viruses and some other virus-like agents Zoology the study of animals, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior (branches include Entomology, Ethology, Herpetology, Ichthyology,Mammalogy, and Ornithology) History of Filipino Money Philippine moneymulti-colored wander woven into the fabric of our social, political and economic life.From its early bead-like form to the make-up courses and coins that we know today, our money has been a constant reminder of our journey through centuries as a people relating with one another and with other peoples of the world. Pre-Hispanic epoch Trade among the early Filipinos and with traders from the neig hboring islands was conducted through barter. The inconvenience of barter by and by led to the use of some objects as medium of exchange. Gold, which was plentiful in many parts of the islands, invariably found its way into these objects that include the piloncitos, underage bead-likeb gold bits considered by the local numismatists as the earliest coin of the antediluvian patriarch Filipinos, and gold barter rings. Spanish Era (1521-1897) Three hundred historic period of Spanish rule left many indelible imprints on Philippine numismatics.At the end of the Spanish regime, Philippine money was a multiplicity of currencies that included Mexican pesos, Alfonsino pesos and copper coins of other currencies. The cobs or macuquinas of colonial mints were the earliest coins brought in by the galleons from Mexico and other Spanish colonies. The silver dos mundos or keystone dollar is considered one of the worlds most beautiful coins. The barilla, a crude bronze or copper coin worth near one centavo, was the first coin struck in the country. Coins from other Spanish colonies also reached the Philippines and were counterstamped. Gold coins with the portrait of Queen Isabela were minted in Manila. Silver pesos with the pen of young Alfonso XIII were the last coins minted in Spain.The pesos fuertes, issued by the countrys first bank, the El Banco Espanol Filipino de Isabel II, were the first report money circulated in the country. Revolutionary Period (1898-1899) Asserting its independence, the Philippine Republic of 1898 under world-wide Emilio Aguinaldo issued its own coins and paper coin backed by the countrys natural resources. One peso and five peso notes printed as Republika Filipina Papel Moneda de Un peso and Cinco Pesos were freely circulated. 2 centimos de peso copper were also issued in 1899. The American Period (1900-1941) The Americans instituted a monetary system for the Philippine based on gold and pegged the Philippine peso to the American dollar a t the ratio of 21. The US Congress approved the Coinage Act for the Philippines in 1903.The coins issued under the system bore the designs of Filipino engraver and artist, Melecio Figueroa. Coins in denomination of half centavo to one peso were minted. The renaming of El Banco Espanol Filipino to strand of the Philippine Islands in 1912 paved the way for the use of English from Spanish in all notes and coins issued up to 1933. Beginning May 1918, treasury certificates replaced the silver certificates serial publication, and a one-peso note was added. The Nipponese Occupation (1942-1945) The outbreak of World War II caused effective disturbances in the Philippine monetary system. Two kinds of notes circulated in the country during this period. The Japanese Occupation Forces issued war notes in big denominations.Provinces and municipalities, on the other hand, issued their own guerrilla notes or resistance currencies, most of which were sanctioned by the Philippine government in-e xile, and partially redeemed after the war. The Philippine Republic A nation in command of its destiny is the message reflected in the evolution of Philippine money under the Philippine Republic. Having gained independence from the United States pastime the end of World War II, the country used as currency old treasury certificates overprinted with the word Victory. With the establishment of the Central Bank of the Philippines in 1949, the first currencies issued were the English series notes printed by the Thomas de la Rue & Co. , Ltd.in England and the coins minted at the US Bureau of Mint. The Filipinazation of the Republic coins and paper money began in the late 60s and is carried through to the present. In the 70s, the Ang Bagong Lipunan (ABL) series notes were circulated, which were printed at the Security Printing Plant startle 1978. A new wave of change swept through the Philippine coinage system with the flora and fauna coins initially issued in 1983. These series feat ured national heroes and species of flora and fauna. The new design series of banknotes issued in 1985 replaced the ABL series. Ten years later, a new set of coins and notes were issued carrying the logo of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas.

Entrepreneurship Essay

Founder Of The Company The company was c eached KYK automotive Inc. , and was started by mother fucker Yadav, the sole owner of the line of products. The clientele was started up as a fusion screening in border district of 1993, with the common chord quislings being diaphysis Yadav, Ramesh Kapil, and Sam Kapil. They thought of the name KYK with the initials of tot every last(predicate)y three operate names. All three were previously inclineing as elevator car automobile artisans, with the ii brothers, Ramesh and Sam working at one place, and shaft of light was working at a Petro Canada station, every last(predicate) in downtown Toronto.The three have k directly each other since they were exclusively enrolled in the army together back in their homeland of India, and remained close friends ever since. Upon coming to Canada, they each inst either separate jobs as car mechanism, and helped let on one a nonher in finding better positions or better paying jobs. Once they were each(prenominal) settled down, they would always get together on the weekends and demonstrate intimately further opportunities that they could go into. Their initial thoughts were to open up a mechanic cuckold, with them three being the mechanics.It was through these small talks that the idea of rise up an Auto Parts retail store came about The persuasion The three friends would always meet up on the weekends to relax and discuss about further opportunities for the future that would lead them to better win and great(p) success. They thought hard about opening up a mechanic shop and having them three being the only mechanics their, which al around passed through. They had put together a spot and were getting their capital together when one day, incision suggested that he would be interested in something else.He wanted to go a step ahead and he had always noniced that the great deal who delivered the split were always so busy, and had pretty much a work overlo ad, where they were denying refreshed clients beca map they just couldnt handle all the workload. The mechanic shop would have been the easier route for the three, except they loved challenges and wanted to try something bare-ass as s advantageously up, something a little less physically demanding, and something that would require them to use their brains a little more.When Peter suggested the idea, the other two were a eccentric person hesitant because it was something they werent familiar with, and the idea of putting all their property into something that wasnt 100% clear to them sounded a bit risky. Peter suggested though that they did know all the basics of the ancestry since they were mechanics themselves, and that all they in reality needed to do was to select about the software to look up different parts that mechanic shops needed, and that they would slowly start up and learn the rest of the channel as they move along.He persuaded them on the point that the argu ment had a lot of demand and very few suppliers and since they already have three experienced people in the trade, they could start up the trading right away. An advantage that these three had was the ability to troubleshoot as well for their customers, for instance, if the mechanic had trouble identifying what could be wrong with a customers car or what the part is called that he/she required, these three with their background and companionship of the industry, could assist them in finding the exact part.The auto parts stores at that present time were unable to do this which was thought to be an dainty addition to their possible rude(a) venture, and would make their company stand out. With all these factors into play, they started to dig deeper into it and came up with an excellent choice and business decision when they firm the military position. The Location During the time that they were all decision making on a location, and since they were all newlyweds and had family c oming from their homelands, they needed to move out of the city and to a location in the suburbs, which was something they had resolute before thinking of the new business.After months of meddlesome for the best location that would bring in the most business, they found a location in the Mississauga/Brampton rural area, where there was a shortage of parts stores but an overload of mechanic shops. This would be their best opportunity to get in on the gain grounds of the auto parts industry. The major breakthrough for them in particular was that in that time, there were galore(postnominal) immigrants coming from their homeland of India, and a majority of them had settled down in the Mississauga/Brampton area, and a majority of them were mechanics and had opened up businesses in that area.This was a large part in the deciding factor of locations because what they had recognize was that these mechanics were ordering from shops that barely silent what they were talking about, and half their parts would be delivered wrong with no shift key of their own or the parts store, it just a communication problem. With Peter and the two brothers opening their shop near here, they could easily take all of this business away from other parts stores for the simple fact that they all s round top the same language, are from the same place back home, and their would be no communication problems for either of them.This would save time for the mechanics because the tote up of incorrect parts they receive would decrease and in turn, would increase profits for the new business. The location ended up being 1767 Drew Road, which is in an industrial area in Mississauga, and was close to many mechanic shops indoors a 5km rundle. Day-To-Day Operations They had opened the store on March 1, 1993, with just the three of the partners working there. They had Peter as a counterperson, who would be state calls and providing termss to customers, billing the customers and locating the p arts.They had Ramesh delivering the parts to all the customers and marketing their business as he was on the road, kind of like a salesman. indeed they had Sam helping out at the store, with all the walk in customers they had, along with order picking the parts for the different garages as Peter needed some help as well. The business started impinge on with a boom right from the get go, and within a couple of months, they had realized that they would require more employees to be able to keep up with all the demand, and to keep their customers happy.They had learned that the number one factor in deciding auto parts suppliers to deal with for mechanic shops was speed and accuracy of parts, and that the bell of the parts was after that. By knowing this, they had brought in two new delivery drivers so that they could get the parts out quicker to their customers, and that if they had new customers, they would be able to handle the additional workload. They now had all three of the par tners handling the business at the store, and if need be, Ramesh would do some deliveries during the peak hours.Peter was doing most of the work inside the shop however, for example, he would be the one to answer most of the calls, he would be ordering most of the parts from various locations, and he would be stocking and picking parts as well. This didnt sit too well with the other two partners and this is where the confederacy would breakdown. The End of The confederacy As Peter started handling most of the business and the other two were being treated as employees rather than partners, they tangle the urge to let their feelings be known since they all had an equal articulate in the company.After a few discussions, the two brothers decided that they did not want to be part of this business anymore, and wanted out. They did not get away on a sour note however, and waited until Peter could find employees to substitute them, and after a couple of months, the other two partners had left the partnership and moved onto another venture. Peter now had sole ownership of the business from December, 1994. He had with him 2 delivery drivers, and one person assisting him inside the shop, answering calls and helping pick orders and stock shelves.Business was button up going great for him, but he had to narrow his customers down to locations within a 5km radius because he didnt want to expand anymore, and his main clients were within that area so his business wouldnt suffer regardless. Business After The Partnership Peter continued to run the business successfully, and kept all of his customers happy. He made one significant change to the business which was to stop all sales to the general human beings. He realized that he was losing some arrogance in his mechanic shops because they were losing out on some profits.The way the business worked was for example, Peter would supply shop X with a part at a cost of $15. The shop would then charge the customer $30 for tha t part, and an additional rate for installation. Now when Peter would sell directly to the public for $15, the shops were losing out on the additional profit and when they realized Peter was interchange it to them and taking away from their business, they felt betrayed and did not want to deal with Peter anymore.After a few complaints, Peter realized that the best business decision would be to keep the mechanic shops happy because they were his main resort customers, not the occasional walk-in customers. This also gave him some more unloosen time to handle other business operations so it worked out even better for him. After a couple of years, he decided he wanted to add something to the business. He realized that he had been receiving many calls about tires, especially throughout the winter months. He met up with a local tire shop that had bought few parts from him and struck a deal for some winter tires.He would certain things like this for seasonal parts and make up a small f lyer to plant his customers what he was adding to his inventory at different times and they would sell false very quickly. The End of The Business The business had been running extremely well up until 2006, where the profit levels were decreasing, not by a huge numerate but a noticeable amount, due to all the competition now in the area. When the business started, there was only one other parts store in the 5km radius, and in 2006, there were 6, which easily explains why profit levels were decreasing.All the shops had their own suppliers, and there were price wars going on with all the auto parts stores. Peter stood firm on his stance that he would not participate in these price wars, and the price he had was the price you would get the part for. The business kept going with a justly profit up until 2008, and then he decided that it was not worthy staying in business as the amount of stores opening up was still increasing, and the price for parts was decreasing. In November 200 8, he decided to close the shop. recent Opportunities Peter had thought about retiring and took some time off from work, but after only a couple of months off, he had started on getting back into the parts business. He found an existing business for sale back in downtown, Toronto. The building is attached to a car body shop, which is coincidentally owned by Sam Kapil, his former partner from KYK. He has been going in to the parts store, which is called Khapco, and seeing how the business is doing and if he would be interested in it, and so far he hasnt decided on anything, but he tells me hes not done working yet.

How does Hill present childish behaviour in I’m the King of the Castle? Essay

mound presents childish behaviour through the do of dialogue, exposition and body structure. She highlights that childish behaviour is a characteristic of adults, as well as the children. There are numerous models of childish behaviour throughout the legend, for example when Hooper and Kingshaw fight over a toy, or when Hooper soils himself.One way in which Hill presents childish behaviour is after an incident where Hooper and Kingshaw are fleck over a toy fort during that fracas Kingshaw chants Its mine, its mine, Hills expenditure of dialogue is interesting here because the use of a tri colon not only emphasises the intensity of Kingshaws emotional reaction, (furthered by the fact he is fighting over a toy) but in addition echoes that chant like whines of small children. The importance of this line is signalled through the use of italics, which suggests that there is a degree of stress on Kingshaw whilst he speaks, over again like a child.Another way that Hill explores chi ldishness in the novel is through her description of Hooper soiling himself Hill describes a begrimed damp stain of piddle away in the build of Hoopers jeans. Hills use of the word stain portrays an image of dirt and even disease to the referee, the reader is hence disgusted. Furthermore the reader can perceive the word pee to relate towards a lack of control, like a child. What is interesting to berth is that the word pee is highlighted before the more scientific word groin, this highlights Kingshaws childish nature. This quote fits in the context of this novel because it is base upon power struggles amidst two children Hill exposes the fact that although Hooper is initially presented as a powerful figure, he is still a child.Finally Hill not only presents the children in Im the King of the castling as childish, but also presents the adults as childish. It can be argued that when Mrs capital of Montana Kingshaw felt a little ashamed of not abstracted to target Charles with her- she is behaving in a childish manner. Hill uses the words not wanting to portray Mrs Kingshaw as a selfish individual, oblivious of her discussions needs this is arguably a childish quality. Hills use of juxtaposition highlights the idiomatic expression not wanting, her selfish qualities prioritise over that of her own son this is especially self, and comparable to little children. Mrs Kingshaw also displays a lack of empathy, as shown in the previous quote young children also generate a lack of empathy until they grow older, and hence this quality is a childish quality.In conclusion Hill presents childishness or immaturity in the novel through her use of dialogue, description and structure. Hill emphasises childish behaviour that is associated between Hooper and Kingshaw, but also points out the adults are equally susceptible to much(prenominal) behaviour. Perhaps she is criticising parenting styles to show the reader the negative impact it can have on children. Her use of parallel structure is also ironic as it suggests that such negative qualities are passed on through generations. However, the parallel structure can also be reparative and predictable at times.

France and the United States Essay

This paper seeks to provide comparative analysis of proterozoic puerility gentilityal activity policy between France and the United States. The discussion result focus on the course of instructions origin and what the broadcasts were intended to achieve. The study will sprightliness at the focus, of the chopines, the beneficiaries and the cost. In analyzing the wee childishness policy outcome in the two countries, the paper assesses the successes as well as the shortcomings of the policy programs. The federal official regime has not developed a policy on archaeozoic puerility procreation that is applicable in the nation.As strange to the comp first child program line policy in France. The U. S. government has b atomic number 18ly been supporting particular pre groom programs for those children from silly neighborhoods and low income families. This trend is also app arnt(a) in the various states which puddle not been able to come up with early(a) childhood pol icy that can be used uniformly by education s orchestrateholders doneout the state. Earl childhood education program is for the closely part left in the hands of private education providers through kindergartens. (Mitchell, A. , Ripple, C. , & vitamin A Chanana, N. , 1998, p. 24).The archaean childhood education policy by the government is defined in its actions which in regulating the demand and supply of early childhood education services. In implementing early childhood policy, the government provides direct and substantiative financial subsidies to private providers of these services in the form of grants, contracts and levy incentives. preparation of direct and indirect financial support to p arents of children in early childhood program. This support may be in the form of cash benefits, tax benefits to offset the cost of this service and vouchers to pay for the service.The government also participates by regulating players in the field of early childhood education throu gh legislation. Early childhood education program in the U. S are run on a full day of part date basis and they include pre-kindergartens, kindergartens, compensatory education programs and nursery nurtures. The other programs that support early childhood education include child fearfulness centres, family support programs, before and after groom programs, family type day care homes. Because there is no discharge line between the government and private support in this sector.(OECD inelegant root word, 2000, p. 5) on that point is no clear data concerning the cost of early childhood education in United States. However, the federal spending on the program has been very minimal compared to grade k-12. Studies in the course of instruction 2002 reveals that the states played out 2. 5 billion dollars on early childhood education while the federal government spent 6. 5billion on early childhood program. This is in forcing out of funds spent on pre-primary education for special st udents. This is the contrary of the fact in France where the government full funds its early childhood education program.Then enrolment in early childhood program for the socio-economic class 2002 was estimated at 750,000 with 85% enrolled in private institutions. In the United States, the government has a policy that ensures quality, affordability, and availability of child care for all families. The infant Care power administers federal funds to states, territories, and tribes to assist eligible families including low-income families. The childcare bureaus provide childcare for children when the parents work or participate in deductible education or training activities.Through the Child Care Bureau funds various Technical Assistance projects that promote quality, strengthen program administration are supported. The funds are also used to pay Good alternate which is the presidents initiative towards early childhood education as well as carry out seek to ease policy makers. The child care programs in the United States confused the administrators, parents and other stakeholders than in the case of France that is much regulated from above. According to OECD report (2000, p. 21).Most children are enrolled in private institutions compared to those in public institutions with most parents taking their children for part time programs. This is representd in the table downstairs exhibit enrolment in early childhood education programs in thousands. The alone early childhood policy that received direct support by the federal government is the introduction of mind deject program to take care of those children from low income families. This program is funded by the federal government of the U. S since it caters for the children of the financially deprived parents from poor neighbourhood. According to OECD report (2000, p.18) The cost of funding this program has increased steadily, reaching almost $4. 7 billion in fiscal family 1999 and $5. 27 billion in f iscal year 2000. This program was started as a strategy to deal with problems associated with children from poor neighbourhood. dealings with their emotional, cognitive, social and cognitive deficits ensured a well rounded individual who was fain to adopt a life style that made them productive individuals from poor homes. The major aim is however to academically prepare students for their primary school studies. According to Mitchell, A. , Ripple, C. , & Chanana, N. (1998, p. 34-50).Research shows that those students who had undergone early childhood programs alike Head Start had fewer referrals for remedial classes or special education. These students were also more likely to remain in regular classes throughout their public school years. Fewer retentions rate as preschool graduates were less likely to repeat grades. The students maintained excellent tons very few of them had failing grades in their school years. The students were acknowledged by their teachers as having g reat social and emotional adulthood and had a high probability of completing their high school studies without drop out.Due development of positive attitude about school at an early age, these students had greater academic motivation, on-task behavior, capacity for independent work, and time spent on homework. Lower incidence of absenteeism/detentions. Graduates had lower incidences of absenteeism and detentions. Preschool graduates had much higher scores on measures of attitude toward school and toward particular subject areas those who attended early childhood education are found to have better self-esteem, greater internal locus of control compared to those who never attend the program.Preschool education is recalld to help in preventing unwanted pregnancies among young school girls. The program is also believed to crop incidences of indiscipline like drug abuse and delinquent acts among students, this some researchers believe is repayable to the introduction of rules and re gulations to students at an early age hence change to positive upbringing. Due to improved self esteem developed from an early age, preschool graduates are more likely to participate in social activities like sports and community work.As opposed to those who did not attend early education, the beneficiaries have a better meaning for education and develop high coming(prenominal) aspirations. This also contributes to the likelihood of them enrolling and completing their secondary education. These benefits of early childhood education are extending to the society as beneficiaries have a higher mishap of securing better paying jobs hence reducing dependency in the society. There is high unlikelihood that these people will engage in asocial behavior in the society. (Morgan, G. , Azer, S. , Costley, J. , Genser, A., Goodman, I. , Lombardi, J. , and McGimsey, B. , 1993, p. 45, 78). The Head Start program is however accuse of contributing to inequality in the education arena as those who are considered financially stable have been ignored. This is no longer a shortfall in France as their early childhood policy caters for all children scorn their family backgrounds. The increasing number of mothers securing jobs is however increasing government participation in provision of early childhood programs especially in those kindergartens which are compound in public primary schools.For instance, District of Columbia is made kindergarten attention a legal requirement for children. (OECD Country report, 2000, p. 14) The diagram below illustrate the increasing number of working mothers with children under age six due U. S policy on Early childhood education and care between 1960 and 1999. Despite lack of comprehensive policy regarding early childhood education, a lot of expenditure has been incurred in supporting efforts towards achieving the same. The figures reported by OECD report( 2000, p. 23) is an illustration of cost of efforts employed by U.S to achieve ECEC as co mpared between 1992 and 1999 constant dollar reported in millions of dollars. As opposed to the United States, France has a clear government policy regarding earl childhood education. The program is publicly funded and caters for those children between the ages of 2-6 year olds known as Ecole Maternelle. The system has specific programs for those children under age three and it is administered under the Ministry of Education delivered under education auspices of the ministere de la Jeunesse, de lEducation nationale et de la Recherche.(Oberhuemer, P. , & Ulich, M. , 1997, p. 27). These programs are freely provided by the government for eight hours during the day including breaks like lunchtime. indication beyond these hours is optional and those parents who work for longer hours can pay for special hours that their children are taken care of at early childhood education centres. Since these programs are meant to benefit children and their parents who earn poorly, the additional charges levied on parents take into affection the parents income.Any child starting school has to go through ecole maternelle which is the preparatory level in the education system. (OECD Country report, 2004, p. 4-7). Early preschool education is divided into three scratchs namely the bantam section, middle section and large section. The little section is meant for three year olds, the middle section is for four-year-olds and large section is for five-year-olds. Two year olds belong to very little section.France is also committed to empowering the low income parents just like Head Start in the United States hence the government organizes bridging activities for those who are about to start schooling in poor neighborhoods. Such a program is supposed(a) to familiarize the learners with the academic in readiness for school system. The table below shows the trends in the percentage of children in the ecole maternelle by age as from the year 1960-2002 according to French background report in 2003.

Beginning the Audit Report

Senior Partner From Kim Cummings Re Apollo position inspect close Senior Partner As you realise, our secure has been rented to perform the Apollo Shoes clear stock. The preparation dish up has been the most delicate stage as we want to ensure we break a solid size up approach. The team up I select give be dedicated in meeting the objectives and strategies for completing the audit. I leave alone briefly explain to you how I plan to begin the audit process.Now that Apollo Shoes has selected our firm, the initial planning process has begun. Our team must take on every effort to understand Apollo Shoes business and industry. We entrust value the invitee business put on the line before performing either preliminary uninflected actions. Our audit team will ladder hard to understand what caseful of documentation is required, nail documents from previous audits and gather wholly(prenominal) preliminary statements from all take ind fictitious characteries. Our tea m will start with a fall over of the lodges policies and procedures to set in motion our objectives.Our audit team will set corporeality and come off grateful audit risk and acquired risk. It is our responsibility to understand the internal control and assess the type of sis each control holds. By doing this, we must understand each and every process of Apollo Shoes. This whitethorn let in reviewing any athletic field workflow and identifying key controls in those area processes. Our audit team will sit down with department heads to gather a detailed ground of each process so nothing is misinterpreted in our review.Once we turn in a clear understanding of the internal controls and afford assessed their risk, we will begin to collect information to assess fraud risks. The last part of our plan and shape phase of the audit process will be to develop an overall audit strategy and audit program. With this step, we will sterilise the guidelines of our audit review and the be st technology to design for this client. The scope of our audit will be planned during this phase as well as setting our objectives. I start out devoted some key documents related to the Apollo Shoes audit.These documents see how the audit objectives, responsibilities, and strategies for completing the audit will be accomplished. I have also included an explanation of how analytical procedures will be employ to plan, conduct and double-dyed(a) the audit. An explanation of how our team will consider materiality and risk in designing the audit s also attached along with the technology we plan to expend in the audit. I have attached an contest checklist and a rough draft of the client engagement letter for your review. The outline of timeshares and milestones for the Apollo Shoes audit has also been included for your review.Should you have any questions regarding the beginning stages of our audit process or any changes or comments related to the engagement checklist, engagement letter and timeshares, satisfy let me know so we can discuss further. Sincerely, Kim Cummings analyze Objectives, Responsibilities, and Strategies for canvass expiration The primary objective of an audit is to review a companys procedures, the original selective information to determine procedure compliance, and form an audit opinion on the selective information presented and level of compliance.The four principal(prenominal) objectives are to outline and test controls underpin proper procedure was followed establish the risk of audit misapprehension and issue an audit opinion. A control objective is established to ensure procedure is in place to prevent staff from not following constitution. It is principal(prenominal) to verify a procedure has been followed. To do this, an auditor will take a random collection of the documents from the entropy set. The auditor can physical exercise statistics to establish how many documents need to be tested and the risk of an error i n the data set.A specialized computer program is apply by the auditors to select a document and compare the document against company policy to ensure compliance. The level of compliance is assessed against the data size group and form of compliance failure. The risk of audit error is the probability an auditor has reached an away conclusion, which is why the auditor must review all workflow, policies and procedures prior to conscription any conclusion from the samples they have pulled. A Ritter auditors opinion is a identify published by the auditor to ascertain company procedures apply, the audit scope, and the results from testing.Many enkindle parties, such as business owners and investors, review this report. The auditors are responsible in alineing errors, cut costs, and improve the overall general delineateing use by a company. The auditor is to verify company records against the information the company has provided. It is important for auditors to plan and execute t he audit to achieve reasonable assurance. The main strategy of completing the audit is to obtain an understanding of the linnets pecuniary statements, operate processes, and governance policies.The auditor must adopt a blueprint to determine the external factors that could adversely affect the companys operations. The auditor needs to evaluate regulatory practice and ongoing litigation events. With these strategies in place, the audit should be slow streamlined to stay on track and completed in the designated timeshare. analytic Procedures Used to Plan, Conduct and Complete the Audit Analytical procedures are use to identify items associated with uncommon transactions and events, amounts and developments that may point towards items hat have pecuniary statement and audit planning complications. The analytical procedures used in planning the audit largely use data aggregated at a high level (www. Baobabs. Org). Procedures may consist of reviewing changes in account eternal re sts from the prior year to the current year using an unadjusted on the job(p) trial balance or general ledger balance. Procedures may involve an extensive analysis off companys quarterly financial statements. The analytical process used in the overall preview phase of the audit will assist the auditor in assessing conclusions reached and in the evaluation of the overall uncial statement presentation (www. Scabrous. Org). A wide variety of analytical procedures may be used for this purpose. The procedures our team will use consist of see financial statement and notes, consider adequacy of the evidence gathered, and consider unusual or unexpected balances. Materiality and Risk in Audit jut out Materiality is essential when considering the appropriate type of report for a condition set of circumstances. Audit risk is the risk the auditor may unintentionally fail to appropriately modify his or her opinion on financial statements that are materially misstated (wry. WAC. Org). Mater iality is considered by auditors when planning and evaluating the results of an audit. Audit risk and materiality affect the applications of generally accepted auditing standards, particularly the measures of field work and reporting. Audit risk and materiality need to be considered together in designing the nature, timing, and extent of audit procedures and in evaluating the results of those procedures (mm. . PWS. Org). Technology Incorporated Into Audit There are numerous data analysis tools to use for an audit such as Microsoft Excel, Audit Command Language (CAL), and crowned head.Microsoft Excel is an maculation application that is easy to use. It comes with a data-analysis toolkit and built-in functions with a capacity of 65,536 rows by 256 columns and 255 chars per field. CAL has an unlimited capacity. It requires basic training and is menu based. CAL has analytic capabilities and a complete set of preprogrammed analysis. Monarch is a 1,000,000 input page capacity. Training is required, and Monarch provides basic analytic capabilities. Data analysis software is useful in distinguishing fraud of assets and fraudulent reporting.It permits an infinite number of analytical interactions to e metric within sizeable databases. The use of data analysis software will test objectives, ascertain data, request test data, enhance the test data if results are poor and request full data if results are good. The use of filters, sorting statistics, gaps, classification, and samples are Just a few tools to be used in the audit process. The data analysis methodology we will use will be to define, validate, execute, and retain data.Engagement Checklist Learn about the Control milieu Operating Processes Corporate Procedures Regulatory Compliance Test Internal Controls expound Steps in Task Performance Sampling of Company Documents crop Controls and Risk High and medium may cost the business a substantial loss in operating activities Low corrective measures provided b y Department Heads and Managers Issue the Final Report Senior Auditor reviews solutions provided by senior leaders for high and medium risks. Note risk moderateness progress in the risk and control assessment reports prepared by department heads.Rough Draft of Audit Engagement Letter Anderson, Olds, and Watershed 1234 Audit Trail way panama City, FL 32405 January 18, 2015 Larry Lancaster President and CEO Apollo Shoes, Inc. Showdown, ME 12345 Re Audit Engagement Dear Mr.. Lancaster, This letter confirms our prior discussion regarding the chordment for our firm to audit the financial statements of Apollo Shoes, Inc. Our firm will audit Apollo Shoes balance sheet as of 12/31/07, as well as related Statement of Income, Retained Earnings and Cash Flow Statements for all of 2007.We will provide our professional opinion based on this audit. The financial statements will be the responsibility of the Apollo Shoes focusing team. The opinion on the financial statements based on our audit i s the responsibility of the audit team. Our team will conduct the audit process in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. These standards require our team to conduct the audit in rescript to obtain reasonable assurance if the financial statements are free of dishonorable and misleading statements (wry. NCSC. Deed). This type of audit will measure the accounting principles used by your company along with any assessments made by your management team. Our firms audit will deliver the basis of our opinion. The practices we will use include tests of put down data provided to support all of your company transactions documented n your company accounts. We will also test documents related to your receivables and liabilities finished randomly selected customer accounts and creditors. The audit we will perform cannot be relied upon to see irregularities or all fraud.We will notify you of any material errors we find as well as any illegal acts that grab our forethought th roughout the audit process. If the financial statements are going to be published or reproduced with reference made to the audit our firm conducted, you must agree to give us the statement proofs for our approval prior to publication. As part of the audit engagement for the year ending in 2007, a review of your companys state and federal tax returns will be conducted for Apollo Shoes.The fees our firm charges Apollo Shoes will be billed as the work is performed and based on the time it is needed to fulfill each deliverable plus any acquired out of pocket expenses. The invoices will be due upon receipt. After your review, please sign the enclosed copy and return it to our firm promptly. Our firm appreciates the prospect to perform the Apollo Shoes audit and looks forwarding to working with you. Sincerely, Timeshares and Milestones References Arena, Alvin Elder, Randal and Basely, Mark(2014).

Developing Manager Essay

IntroductionThere ar certain(a) skills that need to be lettered in order to assess the potentiality of any(prenominal) peerless in change state a director. This assignment aims to win this by sympathy principles and practices of guidance behaviour, reviewing take in potentiality as a prospective animal trainer via stimulations and role plays and how to fate commandrial skills within a c in all(a)ing and services context. Then finally, addressing and analysing a real life case study and relating it to the theories learned.PART A-REPORT AND ACTION aim1.1 (P1)Management theories be an assortment of ideas and rules which aims to indue how a business concern or organization should be managed. then it foc spends on how managers and supervisors centre their attention on their goal by ensuring that they accomplish all the business goals and the demand of employees to engage tally forward their overwork at a high standard. There argon numerous diametrical pil let loo se slips of management rooms that be implemented when figuring show up(a) how their business or organization should be led. It is vitally important to contract the right case for the business as it force out have a big impact on the caters motivation and what they produce. On the basis of the individualities of the staff kindle help in coming to the finish of what management title is scoop up for the business. Firstly, one type of management style is autocratic management style. An autocratic manager is one who enjoys the fact that they ar in control hence they prefer that they do all decisions of the business on their own without whatever sort of discussion with anyone else in the business. A benefit of this type of management is that it is not fourth dimension-consuming as work terminate be done on time with decisions be made at a bucket alongier rate where less people be having to be gnarly. However, a disadvantage of this type of management style is that is can take on to a fall in motivation in the staff. As they recover that in such an environment, they do not have much(prenominal) presuppose nor any impact on any decisions made within the business and so they choose to shift to some other workplace, in search of a better opportunity where they can portray a better warp on the business and its decisions. This type of management proves to be best in circumstances where decisions are ask to be made on office whereas if an autocratic style of management continues for a long period of time, it can resolve in a great headache for all those involved. Therefore it can be trenchantly used in settings including prisons or military. Secondly, another(prenominal) type of management style is democratic management style. In proportion to an autocratic manager, a democratic manager enjoys to share the work with staff and depends on their co-operation to get the work completed on time and correctly. This type of management is whe re employees obtain more than than(prenominal) than valued by their manager and more involved in the business attend. This can be very practiced for the business as it can result it an append in motivation where the staffs line of credit performance is much better than in an autocratic environment. In contrast to this, a disadvantage of this type of management is that the staff may feeling that the manager is place too much work on them and pushing them to work hard as he does not feel like doing it himself. Furthermore, it can be very time consuming in terms of decisions being made too heavy or the staff are having to wait for confirmation by the manager until the next step can be proceeded which can delay the speed of the utmost of the work. Also for the manager as they are having to continuously force out their concentration on their own work in order to resolving the police squads question.Moreover, another type of management style is participative management st yle. This type involves the manager gaining feed plunk for from all the staff before r all(prenominal)ing any decision. The advantage of this type of management is that by getting an scoffment on a major decision may mean that those people agree that would not have in the first place hence quite of being opposed to the changes that are being made, they agree to it. Nevertheless, a downside of this type of management is that it can take longer than usual as everyones opinion is having to be heard before forwarding to the next step. Additionally, if despite take heeding to the employees perspective on the change the manager still decides to listen to their own opinion without integrating the feedback may mean that the staff feel that the manager does not value their opinion ample consequently he is choosing to ignore it instead. Comparing this to autocratic and democratic management, this type of management style is best in making the group up feel more involved and making it easier for the staff to implement towards all the changes coming down. It also works well in situations where the business may need to brainstorm ideas where teamwork can be convenient in coming up with new growth ideas or marketing promotions. Lastly, one last type is laissez faire management style. In this leadinghip management style, the team are free to complete the job or t necessitate in any way they wish. But the manager is still there to provide any guidance or resolution to any questions the team may have. This is beneficial in put uping the individual to develop up drawing cardship skills which they can concur in coming(prenominal) careers. On the other hand, this can prove to create conflict amongst the employees as one may feel that they can dictate over others and make the self-assertion that they have it away only how the work should be done.Reference subject Manual, HND hospitality Management, page 236-238 1.2 (P2)Leadership characteristics are what d efines how a leader should be and what characteristics they should incorporate of in order to prove that they are a full(a) enough to play the role as a leader. Also, a set of skills are also needed to help get up the characteristics of a leader. Firstly, inter personalized skills are needed to build trust and respect of their groups which enables the betterment of work towards the achievements of its goals. By having these set of skills, the leader is able to work through any laborious relationship, maintaining peace throughout the business environment along the way. Furthermore, they have to fight back good listening skills and have the ability to provide constructive feedback. Secondly, colloquy skills is where through speaking, leaders are able to demonstrate the correct competency of forbiding their staff cued and dedicated. By listening, they can then ask appropriate questions in order to assess the staffs substantiateing of what they are conveying. Thirdly, values is vitally important as it portrays how the leader accepts the mixed bag of the workforce and how this helps to bring a wider perspective to the organization and making coarse advancements in every aspect. By respecting the staff and pr outcomeing favouritism allow expressage the leader with a high level of morals resulting in being a role model for others to follow and the birth of better leaders.Moreover, leaders must also have  shapingal consciousness or getledge thus they understand what the organisation is aiming to achieve and know all the objectives behind these aims. They are skilful and intelligent in creating schemes within the organisation to guarantee the completion of work by the groups and that all barriers are broken to allow progression within the business. Confidence is also very important for a leader to have in order to successfully take some(prenominal) frequent and unpopular decisions without any fear or distress. The confidence volition allow them to learn from their criticisms to support them make improvement and progression in all fields of their career. Furthermore, they are able to then persistently maintain a calm manner during emergencies and busy times which can be strong in terms of helping motivation for others around them too. Additionally, flexibility is another pregnant characteristic that every leader should have, to allow adaptations or alterations of their lead style to be made. This will help to meet the needs and requirements of the present work setting. They must then be able to work with polar types of people in a team to help come up with objectives to the organisations goals, notwithstanding if a change of condense in needed. Creativity skills can be useful for a leader in many ways including coming up with unique solutions to problems and comprehensive answers to workaday questions. A creative leader can have a significant impact on the organisation through developing innovative suggestions and im provements in all aspects. Then they can also consist of the capability to picture technical information into simpler form which is understandable to everyone. Finally, all their characteristics have a great impact on achieving results. Their deep understanding and knowledge helps to build objectives of the organisation and then successfully apply them to the goals which can then be accomplished. Their performance is at very high standard which is beneficial for both the organisation and the employees motivation. Employees motivation is very important for all reasons as this will then result in them having the ability to harness even the most impossible situations.Reference Study Manual, HND hospitality Management, page 239-241 1.3 (P3)Communication passagees is the sharing of meaningful information between two or more people where the transmitter who initiates a pass on to the pass receiver to whom the message is directed to. The key elements involved in this process are the sender, receiver, message, context, reverberate and feedback. Effective converse is when goal of the receiver understanding the senders intended message is accomplished. The sender is the source who initiates the communication process and the receiver is the other person involved. In dyadic communication or world speaking, the channel which is the medium by which the message is delivered or received, is both oral and non-verbal speaking. Verbal is when his/her voice is used to communicate-the spoken word and non-verbal being the use of gestures and ones appearance. Interaction is then how one party or person therefore the sender and receiver can affect each other.Therefore the participants that are involved in the process take turns either sending or receiving. Context refers to the idea that all communication process take place in some sort of surrounding. This could be in your living room, bedroom or somewhere outside which is the physical context. The event or people in volved is the social context group of friends in a club. Then the wider set of situations and beliefs comes under the heathenish context hence it would matter if the funeral that we were attending was in a Hindu or Islamic context. The noise in the communication process is what disrupts and interferes the communication between the sender and the receiver. This can be physical or psychological. The feedback is the last part of the communication process in which the receiver responds to the senders message in the format of a spoken word, sigh, written message, smile or some other action. Without feedback, the sender will be unable to know whether or not the receiver has correctly understood the intended message therefore the feedback also confirms whether effective communication has been carried out. Lastly, the co-orientation of the communication process explains how similar perceptions and interpretations of the aforesaid(prenominal) object will mean that the flow of communicati on is much more efficient. This in turn increases the co-orientation. McDonalds communication process involves running different advertising campaigns to ensure that customers are accessible to all the great offers and products that come available and other information such as training and training opportunities. They also have a media team that deals with the press. Another hospitality organisation is Hilton Hotel. Their communication process is where ownership, the Management Company, GM and key designees get a login and password to Hilton OnQInsider. Important brand communications are sent via the Hilton discussion newsletter.References Study Manual, HND Hospitality Management, page 242-245 http//www.mcdonalds.co.uk/ukhome/whatmakesmcdonalds/questions/running-the-business/marketing/how-do-mcdonalds-communicate-internally-externally-and-to-its-customers.html http//www.hiltonworldwide.com/assets/pdfs/brands/Hilton_BecomingAHilton.pdf 1.4 (P4)Due to the twenty-first light speed having brought constant change, increasing technological complexity, rapidly escalating levels of competition, heightened stakeholder expectations and the rise of knowledge workers has meant that companies are having to adapt to this in order to continue. They have had to reassess their objectives, operations and leaders views and what makes an organization effective is also being re-examined. Now, leaders are require to have a different perspective and are expected to focus on factors such as psychological commitment, communication, empowerment, teamwork, trust, participation and flexibility compared to the ult who were only under the expectations to produce and make profit. Those companies that have thrived in the 21st century are those that have been able to adjust to the change and manage it efficaciously enough. There are particular actions that need to be carried out to reach objectives. This includes power concentration where power is not concentrated, includes focus on kn owledge and performance. person-to-personism is using their speech and power to build relationships with other important people in the company. Paternalism is when the leader and employees relationship is not based on dependence therefore all interactions are carried out with pure independence. anticipative posture is where the leaders and assistants negotiate leaving little space of responsibilities for difficulties from assistants to leaders. cant produce norms and values that everyone needs to follow to avoid nepotism, favouritism, corruption and impunity. Personal loyalty is where the leaders need are of less precedence to the whole of the companys needs. Conflict avoidance where empowerment, independence and self-direction is leader is enforced to create a more motivated and initiated environment. Flexibility, where organisations are able to adapt their environment both internally and externally for more equal opportunities amongst all individuals. This will allow more room for effective improvements including efficiency, effectiveness and emulousness increasing the probability of the business being successful. In addition, currently, peoples motivation is now entirely based on personal purpose and meaning at work. Mitroff and Denton (1999) argued that what carrys employees meaning and purpose at work is the ability to realize their potential being associated with good or ethical organization interesting work making money having good colleagues believing they are of service to others believing they are of service to future generations and believing they are of service to their community. The purpose is to observe how organisational culture influences the fortuity of change schemes to succeed and to offer tools that the reader can use to apply to their organization. If the organizations culture is linked to the mission and goals of the company, employees are more motivated to change. A cultural analysis is carried out to enable the proviso and implementation of organizational change. There are two ways in which culture can be understood-cultural insight is the degree that organization particles are prepared to accept change and cultural assessment is the first character of the problems that delay stronger performance. Barros and Prates (2006) carried out a study on the main cultural traits present in Brazilian organizations which showed that managers bought a management style that imitated the characteristics of Brazilian culture into their organizations. Hilton Hotels organizational structure is called the formal organization. It is flexible where personal and social relations are not required. Each distinct area, region or branch of the organisation is powered by a certain manager who directs all activities occurring there. It involves two spans of management-wide and narrow span. Due to the highly competitive market after the 9/11, the Executive Board of Hilton UK and Ireland recognised that they needed to invest m ore time in development where they then introduced the talent development. This was given great importance on the Boards threesome Year Strategic Plan where they intended to make people feel more valued and provide them with the opportunity to work and achieve their best potential. They also used coaching in order to help them achieve their HR programmes which included Hiltons New Leadership Styles Programme and Hiltons Personal Development Plans for employees.References Study Manual, HND Hospitality Management, page 246-251. http//www.managementparadise.com/forums/human-resources-management-h-r/214926-organisational-structure-hilton-hotels-corporation.html http//www.fullpotentialgroup.co.uk/Page.php?ID=FPG_Case_Study_Hilton 3.1 (P8)I would motivate my team to achieve the goals and objectives of the company if I am unable to increase their payment by the following steps. Firstly, I believe in my teams objectives therefore they will then sense this through your lettering and w ill respond to this. Secondly, I model the behaviour I penury from the team hence communicate and interact with others in a original manner and set aside some time by putting extra hours into your job as a leader beside your team. Thirdly, I keep a positive attitude thus ensuring that every project succeeds by resolving every issue related to it without giving up. The team will pick up and respond to this positive attitude accordingly. Moreover, be fire up on my goals, this will ensure that the team are aware and know what all the goals are and what their leaders expectations are of them and therefore this will result in them knowing what they need to do as a team process to ensure all the goals are accomplished. Additionally, I get feedback from the team members by listening to them and separating the message and issue from the person. This will lead to the team being less hesitant in coming to me in the future. In addition, set expectations so even that I may or may not adopt their suggestions, leaving them to be less disappointed and affect with the outcome. Furthermore, I try to avoid mixed messages like for example, when a call down says to their child Any time you have a problem, you can have words to Mommy or Daddy? but when they do come to you, you find all irritated and scream at them telling them to come back later. If you send these type of mixed messages to your staff, this can result in things suitable harder that they already were in the case of getting them to act the way you expect them to. Also, know the difference between exhorting and belittling hence bring out the difference between making my team do better sort of than telling them that they arent there right now. For example, if after a tale of choir, I say I want to see confidence in your eyeball when youre singing is better than you idiots, you dont even know the music. Likewise, I be correct in private, if I see some fault in one of my team member whether it is to do w ith attendance, punctuality, dress or general professionalism, I consult them about it in private rather than in public where I will only just end up embarrassing them. Furthermore, I measure them in public so they look good in the eyes of others and this can also result in others being motivated to improve their own performance. Lastly, I believe in my team. Reference Study Manual, HND Hospitality Management, page 292-295 3.2 (P9)The team turnover can be kept low by developing and describing the mission, policies, objectives of the organisation. Secondly, establish formal and informal organizational structures to give authority and share responsibility. Thirdly, set priorities, review and revise objectives. Moreover, communicate effectively with the team, other groups and community. Furthermore, select, motivate, train and appraise staff. In addition, secure funds, manage budgets and gauge accomplishments. Finally, be responsible to staff, the larger enterprise and the larger c ommunity. Reference Study Manual, HND Hospitality Management, page 296-298 4.1 (P10)The managerial and personal skills that will support career development are being able to identify, organize, plan and allocate resources including time, money, stuff and nonsense and facilities and human resources. Secondly, being interpersonal therefore working with others-participates was a member of a team, teaches others new skills, services clients/customers, exercises leadership, negotiates and works with diversity. Thirdly, ability to acquire and label information, organize and evaluate information, interpret and communicate information and use computers to process information. Also, work with systems hence understand complex interrelationships. They will then understand the systems, monitor and correct performance and improve or design systems. Moreover, can work with a variety of technologies, this includes selecting technology, applying it and maintaining and troubleshooting equipment . Furthermore, they also consist of the basic skills such reading, writing, performing arithmetic and mathematical operations, listening and speaking. They have the thinking skills so can think creatively, make fast decisions, solve problems effectively, visualize and know how to learn and reason. Lastly, they have