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One Stop for Colleges Education C beer ? ? C everywheres have intercourse IITJEE/AIEEE syllabus ? ? ? Chemistry, Maths and Physics partitionings ? Its handsome ? Lessons, tests by IIT/NIT toppers 1000+ Questions and pattern tests Last minute preparation and help Minglebox Engineering training Free Online Preparation for Engineering with Minglebox Engineering Prep. Cover basic concepts of under Section for Engineering Entrance Exam Preparation with Study material, solved examples and tests ready by IIT/NIT toppers. 1 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. om Communication organizations Electronic dialogue refers to the faithful transfer of informationor message (available in the form of electric electric potential and current)from one point to another point. vector, transmission line of business and murderer are three basic unitsof a conversation system. 2 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com Transducer Any device that converts one form ofenergy into another can be ter med as a transducer. Signal Information converted in electrical form and suitable for transmission is called a signboard.Signals can be both analog or digital. Noise Noise refers to the unwanted signals that tend to derange the transmission and accomplishing of message signals in a communication system. Transmitter A transmitter mathematical operationes the incoming message signal so as to make it suitable for transmis sion by a channel and subsequent reception. telephone receiver A receiver extracts the desired message signals from the received signals at the channel output. Attenuation The loss of strength of a signal while propagating through a medium is known as attenua tion.Amplification It is the process of increasing the bountifulness (and consequently the strength) of a signal using an electronic circuit called the amplifier. 3 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com Range It is the largest distance between a stemma and a destination up to which the signal is rece ived with sufficient strength. Bandwidth Bandwidth refers to the frequence range over which an equipment operates or the portion of the spectrum occupied by the signal.Modulator At the transmitter, information contained in the low absolute frequency message signal is overlying on a high frequency wave, which acts as a mailman of the information. This process is known as flection. As will be explained later, in that respect are several types of modulation, abbreviated as AM, FM and PM. Demodulation The process of retrieval of information from the carrier wave at the receiver is termed demodulation. This is the reverse process of modulation. Repeater A repeater is a combination of a receiver and a transmitter.A repeater, picks up the signal from the transmitter, amplifies and retransmits it to the receiver sometimes with a convince in carrier frequency. 4 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com Two essential forms of communication system are Analog and Digital. The informat ion to be contractable is generally in continuous waveform for the former while for the last mentioned it has only discrete or quantised levels. Every message signal occupies a range of frequencies. The bandwidth of a message signal refers to the band of frequencies, which are infallible for fair to middling transmission of the infor mation contained in the signal.Similarly, any practical communication system permits transmission of a range of frequencies only, which is referred to as the bandwidth of the system. Low frequencies cannot be hereditary to long distances. Therefore, they are superimposed on a high frequency carrier signal by a process known as modulation. In modulation, some characteristic of the carrier signal like amplitude, frequency or phase varies in accordance with the modulating or message signal. correspondingly , they are called Amplitude Modulated (AM), Frequency Modulated (FM) or strain Modulated (PM) waves. 5Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com Pu lse modulation could be sort out as Pulse Amplitude Modulation(PAM), Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM) or Pulse Width Modulation(PWM) and Pulse Position Modulation (PPM). For transmission over long distances, signals are radiated into spaceusing devices called antennas. The radiated signals fan out aselectromagnetic waves and the mode of genesis is influenced bythe presence of the soil and its atmosphere. Near the surface of theearth, electromagnetic waves propagate as surface waves. shape up wavepropagation is useful up to a few MHz frequencies.Long distance communication between two points on the earth isachieved through reflection of e lectromagnetic waves by ionosphere. Such waves are called sky waves. Sky wave propagation takes place upto frequency of about 30 MHz. Above this frequency, electromagneticwaves essentially propagate as space waves. Space waves are used forline-of-sight communication and broadcast communication. 6 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com If an antenna radiates electromagnetic waves from a vertex hT, thenthe range dT is given by v2RhT whereR is the radius of the earth.Amplitude regularized signal contains frequencies (? c ? m ), ? c and (? c +? m) Amplitude modulated waves can be produced by application of the message signal and the carrier wave to a non linear device, followed by a band pass filter. AM detection, which is the process of recovering the modulating signal from an AM waveform, is carried out using a rectifier and an envelope detector. 7 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com Sample Examples A message signal of frequency 10 kHz and peak voltageof 10 volts is used to modulate a carrier of frequency 1 MHz and peakvoltage of 20 volts.Determine (a) modulation index, (b) the side bandsproduced. dissolvent (a) Modulation index =10/20 = 0. 5 (b) The side bands are at (1000+10 kHz)=1010 kHz and(1000 10 kHz) = 990 kHz. A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height32 m and the height of the receiving antenna is 50 m. What is themaximum distance between them for satisfactory communication inLOS mode? Given radius of earth 6. 4 ? 106 m. Solution = v2 *64*105*32 + v2 *64*105*50 = 64 ? 102 ? v10 + 8 ? 103 ? v10 m =144 ? 102 ? 10 m = 45. 5 km 8 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com